Alphabetical list of genes

S

s59 (preferred name: slouch; common alternative name nk-1)

transcription factor - homeodomain - NK-1 class - maintenance of slouch is directly involved in the control of late aspects of muscle development, such as muscle differentiation and morphogenesis, and possibly also innervation

SAK

(common alternative name: Plk4)

member of the polo-like kinase family - required for centriole duplication and for formation of basal bodies and flagella

salvador

restricts cell numbers in vivo by functioning as a dual regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis - physically interacts with Warts

sanpodo

encodes a four-pass transmembrane protein that localizes to the cell membrane - specifies Notch-dependent fate - Notch and Numb physically associate with Sanpodo

sans fille (also known as U1AsnRNP)

splicing factor - a crucial component of the spliceosome - involved in Sex-lethal splicing and consequently in sex determination

Sap18 (FlyBase name: Bicoid interacting protein 1)

part of the Sin3A/Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex - helps convert Bicoid from an activator

into a repressor by recruitment of a co-repressor to Bicoid-dependent promoters

sarah

regulates female meiosis by controlling calcineurin activity in the germline

Sas-4

centriolar constituent - required for centriolar assembly, centriole replication, flagellum biogenesis, cilium biogenesis and locomotion -

regulates asymmetric cell division

saxophone

receptor s/t kinase - a Dpp receptor - necessary for the specification of the dorsalmost cell fate (amnioserosa) which requires the highest levels of Dpp activity

scab

alpha integrin - involved in dorsal closure, tracheal and salivary gland development and in the localization of pericardial cells

scabrous

secreted - fibrinogen family - regulates spacing of photoreceptors - a Notch pathway inhibitory signal secreted by photoreceptor precursors in response to Egfr signaling

scalloped

transcription factor - human TEF-1 homolog - a downstream effector molecule in the Wingless pathway of wing imaginal discs - partners vestigial

SCAR

promotes actin polymerization via Arp2/3 protein complex

schnurri

transcription factor - zinc finger - target of Dpp - the activity of the Mad/Schnurri complex is modulated in a promoter specific fashion to active or repress gene transcription

Scm-related gene containing four mbt domains

PcG protein - Pleiohomeotic interactor that binds mono- and di-methylated H3-K9 and H4-K20

and acts to maintain a Polycomb-repressed chromatin state

scratch            FlyExpress: scratch neuroblast expression

transcription factor - zinc finger - panneural repressor of non-neural cell fate

screw

TGF-ß superfamily - functions along with its partner Dpp to produce the amnioserosa

scribbled

scaffolding protein: multiple PDZ and LLR regions - functions to localize junctional components in the determination of epithelial cell polarity

scribbler

novel protein with a single zinc finger - multifunctional protein that regulates foraging activity and shapes the activity gradient of Dpp through regulation of thickveins

scute

transcription factor - basic helix loop helix - proneural gene that also functions to regulate Sex-lethal

scylla and charybde

conserved proteins acting downstream of PKB and upstream of TSC to regulate growth - they are induced under hypoxic conditions,

thus establishing a potential cross-talk between growth and oxygen sensing

sec5

promotes vesicular trafficking involved in cell growth and membrane protein insertion -

required for membrane traffic and polarity in the oocyte

sec15

functions in polarized exocytosis/secretion - involved in targeting photoreceptor axons that involves localization of specific cell adhesion and signaling molecules

semaphorin-1a

axon guidance transmembrane protein - motor axons requiring Sema-1a for choice-point defasciculation

semaphorin-2a

secreted - Ig superfamily - axon guidance - expressed by muscle 33 - functions by inhibiting the neuronal growth cone

from forming a synaptic arborization (branching) to alternative muscles

senseless (preferred name: Lyra)

zinc finger - target of proneural genes - expressed and required in sensory organ precursors for proper proneural gene expression

Separase

endopeptidase required for sister chromatid separation during mitosis

sequoia

zinc finger - required for specification of a subset of neurons - functions in regulating dendrite and axon development

Serotonin receptor 1A and Serotonin receptor 1B (5-HT1A and 5-HT1B)

seven-pass transmembrane protein, 5-HT1A promotes baseline sleep

Serotonin receptor 2

seven-pass transmembrane protein - coordinates germband extension movements

serpent (common alternative name: dGATAb)            FlyExpress: srp expression in the head mesoderm anlage, posterior endoderm anlage and the fat body

transcription factor - zinc finger - GATA family - plays a pivotal role in promoting morphogenesis of the anterior and posterior midgut - necessary for embryonic fat-cell differentiation

serpentine and vermiform

polysaccharide deacetylases - converts chitin to chitosan - required to assemble

cable-like extracellular matrix and restrict tracheal tube elongation

serpin-27A

protease inhibitor functioning in the immune response - regulates melanization cascade through specific inhibition of the terminal protease (prophenoloxidase-activating enzyme)

Serrate

transmembrane - EGF homolog - ligand for Notch - involved in the induction, through Notch, of the wing margin at the dorsal-ventral interface of the wing imaginal disc

Serum response factor (preferred name: blistered)

transcription factor - MADS-box motif - required for vein/intervein formation in the fly wing

Set2

Histone 3 methyltransferase involved in dosage compensation, puparium formation and adult development

Seven in absentia

targets proteins to degradation - C3HC4 RING zinc-finger motif

seven up

transcription factor - orphan nuclear receptor - zinc finger - required for development of four of the eight photoreceptors that develop in each ommatidium of the eye, the R3/R4 pair and the R1/R6 pair

sevenless

transmembrane - receptor TK - required for the development of the R7 photoreceptor

Sex combs extra (common alternative name: Ring)

Polycomb group - protein ubiquitination - a member of a protein complex, termed PRC1 (Polycomb repressive complex 1)

Sex combs on midleg

Polycomb group - a member of a protein complex, termed PRC1 (Polycomb repressive complex 1) - Preincubation of nucleosomal arrays with PRC1 blocks the ability of these arrays to be remodeled by SWI/SNF.

Sex combs reduced            FlyExpress: Scr labial and prothoracic segment expression

transcription factor - homeodomain - Antp class - required for labial and first thoracic segment development

Sex lethal

RNA binding and splicing - the master regulation of sex determination in Drosophila

sex-peptide (preferred name: Accessory gland peptide 70A)

male ejaculate accessory gland protein - decreases female receptivity and stimulates egg production in the first mating of virgin females

sex peptide receptor

G-protein coupled receptor - required in Fruitless plus neurons for post-mating switch in female reproductive behaviour

shaggy (common alternative name: zeste white 3)

glycogen synthase kinase - segment polarity - functions in the Wingless signaling pathway

shaven (common alternative name: sparkling)

paired domain and homeodomain (partial) - Pax2, 5 and 8 homolog - Denticle formation requires transcription of sparkling, which is under positive regulation by the Egfr pathway and negative regulation by the Wingless pathway

shifted

ortholog of the human Wnt inhibitory factor - required for Hh stability and for lipid-modified Hh diffusion -

colocalizes with Hh in the extracellular matrix and interacts with the heparan sulfate proteoglycans

short gastrulation            FlyExpress: sog lateral expression

chordin homolog - a Dpp antagonist involved in the determination of dorsal/ventral polarity - leads to the subdivision of the dorsal region of the fly into amnioserosa and dorsal ectoderm

shortsighted (preferred name: bunched)

transcription factor - leucine zipper - Dpp pathway - mutation leads to a delay in differentiation and to a loss of photoreceptors - required for a morphogenetic movement in the brain - functions in wing margin development - required for both male and female fertility

short stop

cytoskeletal cross-linker protein - expressed in the tendons and is essential for muscle-dependent tendon cell differentiation -

required for sensory and motor axons to reach their targets in the Drosophila embryo

shotgun

cadherin - regulates cell aggregation preventing mixing of cells at tissue boundaries

shutdown

immunophilin - FK506-binding protein domain and a tetratricopeptide repeat - essential for the normal function of the germline stem cells

shuttle craft

zinc finger, C4HC3 type (PHD finger), and RD-domain protein - maternal mutants exhibit defects in segmentation, while zygotic mutants show defects in axon guidance

sickle

novel apoptosis activator - contains an N-terminal inhibitor of apoptosis motif

sightless (preferred name: rasp)

acetyltransferase acting to acylate Hedgehog or to promote other modifications or trafficking events necessary for Hedgehog function

similar

bHLH-PAS domain transcription factor - a key regulator of responses to hypoxia

singed

fascin homolog - crosslinks actin filaments - the gnarled, kinky bristle phenotype is due to the lack of Actin filament bundles in both large and small bristles

sine oculis           FlyExpress: so expression in procephalic ectoderm and sensory nervous system

transcription factor - homeodomain - Sine oculis and Eyes absent form a complex that regulates multiple steps in eye development

single-minded            FlyExpress: sim expression in ventral midline

transcription factor - bHLH - pas homology - required for the developmental specification of the ventral midline

Sir2

histone deacetylase required for euchromatic and heterochromatic silencing - interacts genetically and physically with members of the Hairy/Deadpan/E(Spl) family of bHLH euchromatic repressors

Six4

homeodomain transcription factor - confers ventral mesodermal cell fate - regulates somatic cell function during gonadogenesis

skittles

1- phosphatidylinositol-4 phosphate kinase - alteration of Skittles levels results in structural defects in sensory bristles, providing genetic evidence for the involvement of PIP5KIs in cytoskeletal regulation

skpA

component of protein degradation complex - regulates centrosome duplication, chromatin condensation, cell cycle progression and endoreduplication

slingshot

phosphatase - plays a pivotal role in actin dynamic by reactivating the actin depolymerizing factor cofilin

slipper

mixed lineage kinase - signal transduction protein conveying information about changes in cytoskeleton to the nucleus

slit

extracellular - egf like - ligand of Roundabout - regulates axon guidance

sloppy paired 1 and 2            FlyExpress: Slp1 gap and segmental expression

transcription factor - forkhead domain - has combined characteristics of a gap, pair rule and segment polarity gene

slouch (common alternative names: S59 and NK-1)

transcription factor - homeodomain - NK-1 class - maintenance of slouch is directly involved in the control of late aspects of muscle development, such as muscle differentiation and morphogenesis, and possibly also innervation

slow as molasses

novel protein that is essential for polarized growth of the plasma membrane during cellularization

slow border cells            FlyExpress: slbo expression in posterior spiracle

basic leucine zipper - CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homolog - slbo targets breathless and is essential for terminal differentiation and migration of the anterior follicle cells known as border cells

slowpoke

Ca-activated, voltage-activated potassium channel that functions to modulate ion flow in presynaptic nerve terminals, including those of the neuromuscular synapse

Smad on X

Dpp signaling pathway - Smad2 and Smad3 homolog - a target of Baboon

smallminded

AAA-protein family - ATPase - Mutants are defective in larval mitoses - expression of Smallminded in cells that undergo late embryonic or larval mitosis suggests a general role in promoting mitosis

small wing

phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C gamma, Src homology 2 and 3 domain protein - a negative regulator in the pathways leading to R7 development - mutation results in additional cells being recruited to an R7 cell fate

smaug

RNA binding protein - repressor of Nanos translation

smoothened

seven-pass transmembrane protein - transmits Hedgehog signal - Hedgehog causes phosphorylation, stabilization, and accumulation of Smoothened at the cell surface - Patched may act indirectly to regulate Smoothened activity

Smrter

SMRT-related ecdysone receptor-interacting protein - a corepressor that mediates transcriptional silencing of the Ecdysone receptor:Ultraspiracle heterodimer

Smurf1

ubiquitin-protein ligase that regulates Decapentaplegic pathway signaling by targeting Mothers against Dpp for degradation

snail            FlyExpress: sna expression in mesodermal anlage and neuroblasts

transcription factor - zinc finger - DV polarity - a transcriptional repressor - acts to restrict neuroectoderm and neural fate in the invaginating mesoderm - mutants display a massive derepression of mesectodermal

sneaky

transmembrane acrosomal protein involved in sperm plasma membrane breakdown; required for sperm activation in the egg cytoplasm

snf5-related 1 (common alternative name: snr1)

a component of the Swi/Snf complex (Brahma complex) in Drosophila - suppresses mutations in Polycomb complex genes

snoN

mediator of Baboon signaling - antagonizes Dpp signaling -

physically interacts with Medea - inhibits growth when overexpressed

Son of sevenless

a dual specificity GEF that regulates both Ras and Rho family GTPases - integrates signals that affect gene expression and cytoskeletal reorganization

Sox box protein 70D ( common alternative name: Dichaete or fish-hook)

HMG-domain protein - SOX-domain protein - implicated in the regulation of pair-rule genes

and later functions in wing morphogenesis

SoxNeuro

HMG1/2 (high mobility group) box transcription factor - essential for the formation of neural progenitor cells in the central nervous system

spaghetti squash

EF-hand, calcium binding motif protein that serves as the regulatory light chain of nonmuscle myosin II

spalt

transcription factor - zinc finger - PRDII-BF1 homolog - a target of Dpp signaling - Spalt and Spalt-related regulate the vein-specific expression of knirps and and the iroquois gene complex, delimiting their domains of expression in the wing pouch

sparkling (preferred name: shaven)

paired domain and homeodomain (partial) - Pax2, 5 and 8 homolog - Denticle formation requires transcription of sparkling, which is under positive regulation by the Egfr pathway and negative regulation by the Wingless pathway

spastin

AAA (ATPase Associated with diverse cellular Activities) family member - regulates microtubule stability - mutants show defects in synaptic growth and neurotransmission

spätzle

secreted - ligand for Toll - the Easter protease is likely to be the direct proteolytic activator of Spätzle

Spd-2

centriole duplication - required for recruitment of pericentriolar material to sperm centrioles after fertilization

alpha Spectrin

cytoskeletal protein - structural and docking protein - a principle component of the fusome, a protein complex involved in asymmetric cell division and cell fate determination in oogenesis

betaHeavy Spectrin (preferred name: karst)

cytoskeletal protein - structural and docking protein - a junctional protein involved in cell adhesion

spindle E

DE-H family of RNA-dependent ATPases - a dorsal appendage phenotype suggests that spn-E plays a role in dorsalization of the oocyte - mislocalization phenotypes suggest that spn-E is also involved earlier in establishment egg polarity

Spindly

conserved mitotic checkpoint protein - regulator of mitotic dynein - functions to target dynein to kinetochores

spineless (also known as spineless-aristapedia)

bHLH PAS domain protein - plays a central role in defining the distal regions of both the antenna and leg - Spineless is a homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor

spinster

conserved transmembrane protein expressed in glia - mutants exhibit increased neural survival and altered sexual behavior

spire

Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) homology domain 2 (WH2) family - a maternal effect locus that affects both the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes of the Drosophila egg and embryo - required for localization of determinants within the developing oocyte

spitz

ligand for Epidermal growth factor receptor - Egf/Tgf alpha homolog - required for the differentiation of all ommatidial cell types, with the exception of R8 - Spi is found on retinal axons that project into the lamina; this transported Spitz is required for lamina cartridge neuron differentiation

split ends

codes for RRM motif RNA-binding protein - mutants have defects in Notch and Egf receptor signaling resulting defects in cell-fate and in axon guidance

sprouty

membrane associated or secreted antagonist of FGF signaling - functions during tracheal development - mutant follicle-cell clones demonstrates an essential role for Sprouty in restricting Egfr activation throughout oogenesis

Spt6

transcription elongation factor implicated in RNA processing and degradation of improperly processed pre-mRNA

squeeze

zinc finger transcription factor - regulates neuropeptidergic cellular identity and FMRFamide expression

squid

RNA-binding protein, hnRNP D homolog - Gurken mRNA localization and translation are coupled by an interaction between Sqd and the translational repressor protein Bruno - Squid promotes apical cytoplasmic transport and localization of Fushi tarazu transcripts

Src homology 2, ankyrin repeat, tyrosine kinase

Known as Shark kinase this signaling protein is required for dorsal closure upstream of Dpp - also required during oogenesis for dorsal-appendage morphogenesis

Src oncogene at 42A

Src homolog - a protein tyrosine kinase with SH3 and SH2 domains - essential for cell-cell matching during dorsal closure -

involved in adherins junction stabilization

Src oncogene at 64B

Src homolog: a protein tyrosine kinase with SH3 and SH2 domains - plays a role in ring canal morphogenesis during oogenesis

S6K (preferred name: RPS6-p70-protein kinase)

signaling - regulates growth response - targets ribosomal protein S6 - a target of the TOR pathway

Star

transmembrane protein - Rhomboid and Star facilitate Egfr signaling by processing membrane-bound Spitz to an active, soluble form

stardust

codes for a regulatory component of the subapical complex of cellular junctions - crucial in the control of epithelial cell polarity

starry night (common alternative name: flamingo)

Cadherin-related 7TM protein involved in tissue polarity

STAT (common alternative name: marelle)

transcription factor - cytoplasmic signal transducing protein - regulates the even-skipped stripe 3 promoter and the pair rule gene runt - central to the establishment of planar polarity during Drosophila eye development

staufen

Double stranded RNA binding protein - required for the localization of multiple mRNA species during oogenesis and zygotic development - direct binding of Staufen to Bicoid and Prospero mRNAs is a requirement for their subcellular distribution - as a posterior group protein Staufen required for the localization of Oskar mRNA to the posterior pole of the oocyte

steamer-duck

LIM-only protein that is required for integrin-dependent cell adhesion - physically interacts with Integrin-linked kinase

Stellate

ß subunit of Casein kinase II - a normally inactive gene which, when active, leads to male sterility - a target of post-transcriptional gene regulation

stem cell tumor (also known as rhomboid-2)

Rhomboid-related transmembrane protein - serine-type protease - activates the oocyte-specific Gurken ligand and

thereby participate in defining posterior cell fates in the early follicular epithelium

sticks and stones

transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of fusion competent myoblasts - essential for fusion of embryonic myoblasts

sticky (alternative name: citron)

Rho effector kinase functioning downstream of pebble - required for cytokinesis

stoned A and stoned B

a dicistronic locus encoding two proteins involved in synaptic vesicle recycling

strabismus (preferred name: Van Gogh)

novel transmembrane protein - a tissue polarity gene - mutants show a disrupted orientation of ommatidia

Strawberry notch

nuclear protein in the Notch pathway

string

protein tyrosine phosphatase - activates cyclin dependent kinase causing mitotic entry

stripe

transcription factor - zinc finger - involved muscle development

Structure specific recognition protein

transcription factor - along with Dre4 forms a protein complex, FACT,

that facilates GAGA factor directed chromatin remodeling

stumps (common alternative name: heartbroken)

novel signal transduction protein functioning downstream of two FGF receptors

subito

a kinesinlike protein required for spindle formation and cytokinesis - involved in both meiosis and mitosis

supernumerary limbs

beta-transducin family Trp-Asp repeats family - subunit of a multi-protein complex that targets proteins for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway - an important regulator of Wingless, Hedgehog and Dorsal pathways

Suppressor of fused

novel protein with PEST sequence - inhibits Hedgehog signaling pathway

Suppressor of Hairless

transcription factor - integrase domain - Notch pathway - Notch intracellular domain associates with Su(H) and Mastermind, a transcriptional coactivator

suppressor of Hairy wing

transcription factor - zinc finger - blocks enhancer-promoter interactions

Suppressor of bithorax

major subunit of nucleosome remodeling factor (nurf) - multiple domain protein with HMGI/Y and bromodomain motifs

Suppressor of profilin 2

A component of the Arp2/3 complex - involved in catalyzing actin filament nucleation - essential to cap expansion and pseudocleavage furrow during cellularization -

required for ring canal expansion during oogenesis

Suppressor of variegation 3-3

homolog of the human LSD1 amine oxidase - demethylates H3K4me2 and H3K4me1 and facilitates subsequent H3K9 methylation by SU(VAR)3-9 -

dictates the distinction between euchromatic and heterochromatic domains during early embryogenesis

Suppressor of variegation 3-9

involved in gene silencing - a modifier of position effect variegation - methylates histone H3 thus providing a mark for the association of HP1 to heterochromatin

Suppressor of variegation 205 (common alternative name: heterochromatin protein 1 or HP1)

chromodomain - Polycomb group - chromatin associated protein -

required both for activation of heterochromatic genes and silencing of euchromatic genes

Suppressor two of zeste

transcription factor - zinc finger - ring motif - chromatin associated protein - Su(Z)2 and Psc proteins co-localize to and silence many of the same chromosomal loci acted upon by other Pc-G proteins, suggesting that Pc-G proteins function in a multi-protein complex to maintain gene silencing

synaptotagmin

calcium sensor in synaptic vesicle fusion - functions during exocytosis

Syndecan

a heparan sulfate proteoglycan - a necessary component of Slit/Robo signaling required in Slit target cells

Syntaxin 1A

vesicular docking protein - a t-SNARE - involved in docking and fusion of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles with the presynaptic membrane to release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

Syntaxin 5

a Golgi-localized SNARE protein - required for ER-Golgi traffic and Golgi reassembly following cell division - required for steps leading to formation of mature sperm

T

tailless

transcription factor - nuclear receptor - zinc finger

tailup (common alternative name: islet)

transcription factor - homeodomain and LIM domain - required in combination with other transcription factors for serotonergic and dopaminergic neuron identity

taiman

steroid hormone receptor coactivator - required for border cell migration during oogenesis

takeout

secreted ligand-binding protein - A takeout mutant has aberrant locomotor activity and dies rapidly in response to starvation, indicating a link between locomotor activity, survival, and food status

Talin

essential for integrin function - crosslinks extracellular matrix-linked integrins to the cytoskeleton

tango

Myc-type, helix loop helix and PAS family protein - Tango heterodimerizes with two transcription factors, Trachealess and Single minded, to regulate transcription in the trachea and central midline, respectively

target of Pox-n

bHLH transcription factor - Neurogenin/NeuroD homolog - a neural differentiation gene,
acting later in the hierarchy of gene activation than the proneural genes

Target of rapamycin

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase - involved in perception of nutrient status -
pivotal member of the TOR pathway involved in regulation of growth and cell proliferation

TBP-associated factor 1

general transcription factor - kinase and histone transacetylase activities

Tbp-related factor

general transcription factor - cell type specific TATA-binding protein

teashirt            FlyExpress: tsh thoracic expression

transcription factor - zinc finger - required globally for segmental identity throughout the entire trunk - required for identity of the anterior prothorax - required for the subdivision of midgut mesoderm acting in partnership with the homeotics.

Tec29 (preferred name name: Btk family kinase at 29A)

protein-tyrosine kinase - necessary for maintaining the equilibrium between monomeric actin and filamentous actin during invagination of the salivary placodes -

functions during oogenesis as a key downstream effector of Src64 during ring canal growth

telomere fusion (common alternative name: ATM)

Phosphatidylinositol 3- and 4-kinase - Serves as Drosophila's ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) - plays a conserved and essential role

in the maintenance of normal telomeres and chromosome stability

Tenascin major

transmembrane - tenasin homolog - EGF and Fibronectin repeats - pair-rule gene product

terribly reduced optic lobes

extracellular matrix component - homolog of perlecan - regulates larval neuroblast division by modulating both FGF and Hedgehog signaling

TGF-ß activated kinase 1

serine/threonine kinase required for morphogenetic changes that take place during the fusion of the epithelial wing disc cell layers (thoracic closure), acting in the context of JNK signaling - required for Relish cleavage and antibacterial immunity

thick veins           FlyExpress: tkv mesodermal expression

transmembrane - receptor serine/threonine kinase for Dpp

thisbe and pyramus

FGFs involved in mesodermal development - ligands for Heartless

Thor (common alternative name: d4E-BP)

messenger RNA 5' cap binding protein - regulates translation during environmental stress

thread (common alternative name: Diap1)

ubiquitin ligase that functions as an inhibitor of apoptosis - Thread inhibition of caspase function is counteracted by proapoptotic proteins Hid, Grim and Reaper

Thrombospondin

extracellular matrix ligand produced by tendon cells - essential for the formation of the integrin-mediated myotendinous junction

Tiggrin

secreted - extracellular matrix - required for muscle attachment

timeless

transcription factor - novel with pas domain - photoperiod response - partners the transcription factor Period

tinman (common alternative name: NK-4 and msh2)            FlyExpress: tin expression in primordia for the visceral musculature and the heart

transcription factor - homeodomain - NK-2 class - mesodermal - involved in the formation of the heart and dorsal vascular musculature

TNF-receptor-associated factor 1

Traf domain protein - involved in signal transduction in the JNK and pathway

tolkin (common alternative name: tolloid-related-1)

BMP-1 homolog - metalloprotease that functions to activate Dpp

Toll

IL1 homolog - a crucial protein for embryonic dorsal/ventral polarity - receptor for spätzle

Tollo

Toll-like receptor - leucine rich repeat transmembrane protein - expressed in ectoderm
and required for neural-specific expression of the glycan HRP epitope

tolloid

secreted BMP-1 homolog - metalloprotease that cleaves Short gastrulation thus functioning to activate Dpp

tolloid-related-1 (preferred name: tolkin)

secreted BMP-1 homolog - metalloprotease that like Tolloid functions to activate Dpp

torpedo (preferred name: EGF-R, common alternative name: Ellipse or EGR)

transmembrane receptor- tk - EGF-R homology - during oogenesis helps set up egg polarity, determines the identity of cells in the ectoderm; during larval stages participates in the development of the eye and wing.

torso

transmembrane - receptor tyrosine kinase - membrane receptor for Trunk - crucial for establishment of anterior and posterior cell identity of the embryo

torso-like

torso pathway - localized determinant of terminal pattern formation

tout-velu

acetylglucosaminyltransferase - involved in heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis - affects diffusion of Wingless, Hedgehog and Decapentaplegic

trachealess            FlyExpress: trh expression in salivary gland and tracheal pits

transcription factor - basic HLH - PAS domains - mutants exhibit a defect in the ability of the tracheal precursors to organize tubes, the same defect seen in salivary glands

trailer hitch

conserved protein involved in mRNA localization that interfaces with the secretory pathway to promote efficient protein trafficking in the cell

tramtrack (common alternative name: FTZ-F2)

transcription factor - zinc finger - btd domain - Ttk is responsible for the effects of numb, repressing neural cell fate in support cells

transforming acidic coiled-coil protein (common name: tacc)

centrosomal protein that stabilizes microtubules during mitosis by recruiting the microtubule plus end binding protein Minispindles

transient receptor potential

visual phototransduction, calcium channel, adaptation to light

Transportin-Serine/Arginine rich

an importin-ß family member responsible for transporting SR protein splice factors into the nucleus

transformer

RNA splice factor - Sex determination - productively spliced in the presence of Sex lethal

transformer 2

RNA splice factor - functions with Transformer to bring about the sex specific splicing of Doublesex

Transforming growth factor beta at 60A (preferred name: glass bottom boat)

TGF-beta superfamily - BMP 7 homolog - mutants lack the first constriction of the embryonic midgut and Antennapedia expression in parasegment 6

Transportin-Serine/Arginine rich

an importin-ß family member responsible for transporting SR protein splice factors into the nucleus

tre-1, tre-2 and tre-3

noncoding RNAs that mediate transcriptional activation by recruiting the epigenetic regulator Ash1 to template trithorax response elements

Trehalose-sensitivity

G-protein coupled receptor - Taste receptor

T-related gene - (preferred name: brachyenteron)            FlyExpress: trg expression in hindgut primordium

transcription factor - brachyury homolog - essential for the development of hindgut, anal pads and Malpighian tubules

tribbles

serine/threonine kinase-like domain protein - regulates cell cycle

tricornered

Ndr serine/threonine kinase - required for the normal morphogenesis of epidermal hairs, bristles, laterals, and dendrites

trio

Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor - Loss-of-function trio mutations result in the misdirection or stall of axons in embryos and also cause malformation of the mushroom body.

trithorax

transcription factor - zinc finger - trithorax group - maintains activity of homeotic genes

Trithorax-like (common alternative name: GAGA)

transcription factor - GAGA - Zinc finger - BTD domain - a chromatin modifying protein

trunk

secreted - ligand for torso - crucial for establishment of anterior and posterior cell identity of the embryo

tube

cofactor with pelle to activate Dorsal - involved in dorsal/ventral polarity during early development

ß1 Tubulin

ß Tubulin56D - ubiquitious component of cytoskeleton

ß2 Tubulin

ß Tubulin85D - sperm tubulin - ß1 tubulin is found in mitotically active germ cells and all somatic parts of the testis - starting with early spermatocytes, the ß1 isotype is switched off and all microtubular arrays contain ß2 tubulin.

ß-Tubulin at 60D            FlyExpress: ßTub60D mesodermal expression

beta Tubulin60D - microtubular cytoskeleton - transiently expressed in the embryo - higher pupal levels in the developing musculature - Adult expression confined to specific somatic cells in the gonads

gamma Tubulin

gamma Tubulin at 23C - microtubule nucleating factor - critical component of microtubule organizing centers

gamma-Tubulin at 37C

microtubule nucleating factor - eggs produced by mutant mothers show an arrest of nuclear divisions during early embryogenesis

and a disruption in the anterior-posterior axis - required for bicoid mRNA localization

tudor

tudor domain protein - serves as 'docking platform' for polar granule assembly

tumor suppressor protein 101 (common alternative name: erupted)

binds monoubiquitinated substrates predicted to be ubiquitinated cytoplasmic tails of membrane bound proteins;

this interaction delivers cargos to the lysosome via multivesicular bodies

twin

degrades mRNA poly(A) tails - CCR4 componenet of an enzyme complex catalyzing mRNA deadenylation

twins

Protein phosphatase 2A - B subunit - mutation causes a peripheral nervous system defect similar to those of numb and musashi - mutation also causes a pattern duplication in imaginal discs

twinstar

Drosophila cofilin - actin-depolymerizing and actin-severing protein - essential for neuronal axon growth

twist            FlyExpress: twist mesodermal anlage and mesodermal expression

transcription factor - bHLH - DV pathway - a switch in the development of muscle - High levels required for somatic myogenesis - this blocks formation of other mesodermal derivatives such as visceral mesoderm and heart

twisted gastrulation

secreted growth factor - Tsg dislodges latent BMPs bound to Short gastrulation thus activating BMP signaling

U

u-shaped           FlyExpress: ush expression in dorsal ectoderm anlage and amnioserosa

multiple zinc finger protein - antagonizes Pnr by physically interacting with the Pnr DNA-binding domain.

U1snRNP (preferred name: sans fille)

splicing factor - a crucial component of the spliceosome - involved in Sex-lethal splicing and consequently in sex determination

U2 small nuclear riboprotein auxiliary factor 50

splicing factor required for the ATP-dependent association of U2 snRNP with pre-mRNA branchpoints - forms a heterodimer with the small splice factor U2af38 - U2af50 interacts with the intronic 3' polypyrimidine tract - the small subunit functions in recognition of the 3' AG dinucleotide

Ultrabithorax            FlyExpress: Ubx abdominal and CNS expression

transcription factor - homeodomain - Antp class - Mutations of Ubx result in transformation of the dorsal and ventral appendages of the third thoracic segment (the haltere and third leg) into their counterparts on the second thoracic segment (wing and second leg).

ultraspiracle

transcription factor - RXR homolog - nuclear receptor - cofactor for Ecdysone receptor

unc-5

multiple domain protein that functions as a repulsive netrin receptor

unc-13

a scaffold protein with a C1 lipid-binding motif and two C2 calcium-binding motifs - mediates signals to control synaptic vesicle exocytosis

unc-104 (common alternative name, immaculate connections or imac)

a Kinesin-3 family member that is essential for transporting synaptic vesicle precursors

uncoordinated

coiled-coil protein expressed in sensory neurons and the male germline - localizes to centrioles and basal bodies - required for ciliogenesis

unpaired (preferred name: outstretched)

a novel ligand - potential activator of JAK/STAT signaling pathway - mutation results in the stripe-specific loss of expression of even-skipped, fushi tarazu, and runt

unplugged

homeodomain protein - involved in tracheal branching morphogenesis by regulating cell migration or extension; in the absence of such function, the tracheal founder cells either die or adopt other branch patterns

V

valois

scaffolding protein - required for accumulation of high levels of Oskar protein, for posterior localization of Oskar in later stages of oogenesis

and for posterior localization of the Vasa protein during pole plasm assembly

Van Gogh (common alternative name: strabismus)

novel transmembrane protein - a tissue polarity gene - mutants show a disrupted orientation of ommatidia

vasa

maternal - RNA helicase - overcomes the repressive effect of Nanos translational control element - activates Gurken translation in wild-type oocytes

vav

a signal transducing protein that participates in EGF receptor pathways and functions as a GEF for Rac

vein

EGF domain and Ig domain - an intrinsically weaker ligand for EGF-receptor than Spitz - Vein is the major ligand for activating EGF-R in intervein regions - Spitz functions as the major ligand for activating EGF-R in vein territories

veinlet (preferred name: rhomboid)

receptor - transmembrane protein involved with Egfr - an activator of Spitz - spatially restricted Rho expression is responsible for spatially restricted activation of Egfr

ventral veins lacking (common alternative name: drifter)

transcription factor - homeodomain - pou domain - mutants display severe tracheal defects and defects in ventral midline glia migration

ventral nervous system defective (vnd) (common alternative name: NK2)

transcription factor - homeodomain - NK2 class - required for the formation of a subset of segmental neuroblasts, and possibly as a neuroectodermal committment gene - upstream of proneural achaete-scute complex.

vermiform and serpentine

polysaccharide deacetylases - converts chitin to chitosan - required to assemble

cable-like extracellular matrix and restrict tracheal tube elongation

Verprolin 1

facilitator of myoblast fusion - homolog of the conserved Verprolin/WASp Interacting Protein family of WASp-binding proteins -

recruits the actin-polymerization machinery to sites of myoblast attachment and fusion

vestigial

presumptive transcription factor - novel - the activation of several genes in the wing field requires Vg/Sd function,

for example activation of Serum response factor intervein promoter

vihar

E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme - contributes to the spatiotemporal control of Cyclin B degradation that occurs first during mitosis at the spindle poles

virilizer

transmembrane protein involved in Sex lethal splicing

vismay

homeodomain transcription factor (TGIF subclass) - required, along with homeodomain protein Achintya, for spermatogenesis

vps25

a component of the ESCRT machinery that regulates endocytic sorting of signaling receptors

vrille

basic leucine zipper transcription factor - an enhancer of ddp during the development of dorsal/ventral polarity in the early embryo - a clock gene: suppression of the normal cycle of vri expression generates long-period rhythms or arrhythmicity

W

warts

kinase - regulates cell cycle - loss of gene function leads to the cell-autonomous formation of epithelial tumors in the adult integumentary structures derived from imaginal discs.

WASp

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein: regulates actin polymerization

wee

protein tyrosine kinase that targets Cdc2 thus preventing premature activation of the mitotic program

wingless

ligand - wnt family - segment polarity gene - two distinct roles for wingless in wing morphogenesis have been identified: a primary role in specifying the wing primordium, and a subsequent role mediating the patterning activities of the dorso-ventral compartment boundary

wishful thinking

type II TGFß receptor - functions presynaptically to regulate synaptic size at the neuromuscular junction

Wnt8 (common alternative name: WntD)

Wnt family ligand - involved in establishment dorsal/ventral patterning and the immune response

Wnt oncogene analog 2

ligand - Wnt homolog - required for the development of the sheath of the male reproductive tract and testis morphogenesis

Wnt oncogene analog 4

ligand - TGF-B homolog - mesodermal - a Wingless antagonist

Wnt oncogene analog 5

Wnt superfamily ligand involved in axon guidance and salivary gland morphogenesis

Wrinkled (common alternative name: head involution defective)

induces programd cell death

wunen and wunen-2

lipid phosphate phosphohydrolases - somatic Wun and Wun2 provide a repulsive environment for germ cell migration

by depleting an extracellular, attractive substrate - in germ cells Wun2 competes with somatic Wun and Wun2

for a common lipid phosphate substrate, which is required by germ cells to produce a survival signal

X Y Z

yan (preferred name: anterior open)

ets domain transcription factor - target of Ras pathway that serves to inhibit neural and other types of differentiation

- antagonist of ras signaling

yorkie

ortholog of the mammalian transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein - transcriptional coactivator that negatively regulates cell-cycle and cell-death regulators

ypsilon schachtel

cold-shock domain protein involved in post-transcriptional regulation of Oskar mRNA

zerknüllt            FlyExpress: zen dorsal expression

transcription factor - homeodomain - Antp class - HoxA3, HoxB3 and HoxD3 homolog - DV polarity - The absence of the amnioserosa in zen mutants might cause the germ band to be twisted and thrown into folds during an abortive elongation process

zero population growth

germline-specific gap junction protein - Innexin 4 - required for survival of differentiating early germ cells during gametogenesis in both sexes

zeste

transcription factor - hlh domain and leucine zipper domain - trithorax group - Zeste specifically interacts with the p400 Brahma complex component

zeste white 3 (preferred name: shaggy)

cytoplasmic - segment polarity - targets Armadillo and APC postively transducing the Wingless signal

Zn finger homeodomain 1

transcription factor - zinc finger domain and homeodomain - mutation results in various degrees of local errors in mesodermal cell fate or positioning

Zn finger homeodomain 2

transcription factor - zinc finger domain and homeodomain - required for correct proximal wing development

zipper

Myosin II or non-muscle myosin - crucial functions in motility, cytokinesis, dorsal closure, cytoplasmic transport

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