Ultrabithorax

REFERENCES (part 2/2)

Nagaraj, R., et al. (1999). Role of EGF receptor pathway in the growth and patterning of the Drosophila wing through the regulation of vestigial. Development 126: 975-985. Medline abstract: 9927598

Newfeld, S. J., et al. (1997). Mothers against dpp participates in a DPP/TGF-beta responsive serine-threonine kinase signal transduction cascade. Development 124(16): 3167-3176. PubMed Citation: 9272957

O'Conner, M.B., et al. (1988). Alternative RNA products from the Ultrabithorax complex. EMBO J. 7: 435-445. PubMed Citation: 2452731

Orphanides, G., Wu, W.H., Lane, W.S., Hampsey, M., and Reinberg, D. (1999). The chromatin-specific transcription elongation factor FACT comprises human SPT16 and SSRP1 proteins. Nature 400: 284-288. 10421373

Pallavi, S. K. and Shashidhara, L. S. (2003). Egfr/Ras pathway mediates interactions between peripodial and disc proper cells in Drosophila wing discs. Development 130: 4931-4941. 12930782

Pallavi, S. K., Kannan, R. and Shashidhara, L. S. (2006). Negative regulation of Egfr/Ras pathway by Ultrabithorax during haltere development in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 296(2): 340-52. Medline abstract: 16815386

Papp, B. and Muller, J. (2006). Histone trimethylation and the maintenance of transcriptional ON and OFF states by trxG and PcG proteins. Genes Dev. 20(15): 2041-54. Medline abstract: 16882982

Parrish, J. Z., et al. (2007). Polycomb genes interact with the tumor suppressor genes hippo and warts in the maintenance of Drosophila sensory neuron dendrites. Genes Dev. 21: 956-972. Medline abstract: 17437999

Paro, R. and Zink, B. (1993). The Polycomb gene is differentially regulated during oogenesis and embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. Mech. Dev. 40: 37-46. PubMed Citation: 8095152

Passner, J. M., et al. (1999). Structure of a DNA-bound Ultrabithorax-Extradenticle homeodomain complex. Nature 397(6721): 714-9. PubMed Citation: 10067897

Patel, S. R., Kim, D., Levitan, I. and Dressler, G. R. (2007). The BRCT-domain containing protein PTIP links PAX2 to a histone H3, lysine 4 methyltransferase complex. Dev. Cell 13: 580-592. PubMed Citation: 17925232

Peterson, M. D., et al. (1999). The embryonic expression pattern of labial, posterior homeotic complex genes and the teashirt homologue in an apterygote insect. Dev. Genes Evol. 209: 77-90. PubMed Citation: 10022951

Peterson, A. J., et al. (2004). Requirement for sex comb on midleg protein interactions in Drosophila polycomb group repression. Genetics 167: 1225-1239. PubMed Citation: 15280237

Petruk, S., Sedkov, Y., Smith, S., Tillib, S., Kraevski, V., Nakamura, T., Canaani, E., Croce, C.M., and Mazo, A. (2001). Trithorax and dCBP acting in a complex to maintain expression of a homeotic gene. Science 294: 1331-1335. 11701926

Petruk, S., et al. (2006). Transcription of bxd noncoding RNAs promoted by trithorax represses Ubx in cis by transcriptional interference. Cell 127(6): 1209-21. Medline abstract: 17174895

Petruk, S., et al. (2008). Association of trxG and PcG proteins with the bxd maintenance element depends on transcriptional activity. Development 135: 2383-2390. PubMed Citation: 18550707

Picao-Osorio, J.,Johnston, J., Landgraf, M., Berni, J. and Alonso, C.R. (2015). MicroRNA-encoded behavior in Drosophila. Science 350(6262): 815-20. PubMed ID: 26494171

Ponzielli, R., et al. (2002). Heart tube patterning in Drosophila requires integration of axial and segmental information provided by the Bithorax Complex genes and hedgehog signaling. Development 129: 4509-4521. 12223408

Postika, N., Metzler, M., Affolter, M., Muller, M., Schedl, P., Georgiev, P. and Kyrchanova, O. (2018). Boundaries mediate long-distance interactions between enhancers and promoters in the Drosophila Bithorax complex. PLoS Genet 14(12): e1007702. PubMed ID: 30540750

Poux, S., Kostic, C. and Pirrotta, V. (1996). Hunchback-independent silencing of late Ubx enhancers by a Polycomb group response element. EMBO J. 15: 4713-22. PubMed Citation: 8887562

Poux, S., McCabe, D. and Pirrotta, V. (2001). Recruitment of components of Polycomb Group chromatin complexes in Drosophila. Development 128: 75-85. PubMed Citation: 11092813

Prasad, M., Bajpai, R. and Shashidhara, L. S. (2003). Regulation of Wingless and Vestigial expression in wing and haltere discs of Drosophila. Development 130: 1537-1547. 12620980

Prasad, N., Tarikere, S., Khanale, D., Habib, F. and Shashidhara, L. S. (2016). A comparative genomic analysis of targets of Hox protein Ultrabithorax amongst distant insect species. Sci Rep 6: 27885. PubMed ID: 27296678

Prince, V. E., Price, A. L. and Ho, R. K. (1998). Hox gene expression reveals regionalization along the anteroposterior axis of the zebrafish notochord. Dev. Genes Evol. 208(9): 517-522. PubMed Citation: 9799433

Prokop, A. and Technau, G. M. (1994). Early tagma-specific commitment of Drosophila CNS progenitor NB1-1. Development 120: 2567-78. PubMed Citation: 7956832

Prokop, A ., et al. (1998). Homeotic regulation of segment-specific differences in neuroblast numbers and proliferation in the Drosophila central nervous system. Mech. Dev. 74(1-2): 99-110. PubMed Citation: 9651493

Pyrowolakis, G., Hartmann, B., Muller, B., Basler, K. and Affolter, M. (2004). A simple molecular complex mediates widespread BMP-induced repression during Drosophila development. Dev. Cell 7: 229-240. PubMed citation: 15296719

Qi, D., Jin, H., Lilja, T. and Mannervik, M. (2006). Drosophila Reptin and other TIP60 complex components promote generation of silent chromatin. Genetics 174(1): 241-51. Medline abstract: 16816423

Qian, S., Capovilla, M. and Pirrotta, V. (1991). The bx region enhancer, a distant cis-control element of the Drosophila Ubx gene and its regulation by hunchback and other segmentation genes. EMBO J. 10: 1415-25. PubMed Citation: 1902784

Rauskolb, C. and Wieschaus, E. (1994). Coordinate regulation of downstream genes by extradenticle and the homeotic selector proteins. EMBO J. 13: 3561-3569. PubMed Citation: 7914871

Reddy, B. V. and Irvine, K. D. (2013). Regulation of Hippo signaling by EGFR-MAPK signaling through Ajuba family proteins. Dev Cell 24: 459-471. PubMed ID: 23484853

Reed, H. C., et al. (2010). Alternative splicing modulates Ubx protein function in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 2010 Mar;184(3):745-58. PubMed Citation: 20038634

Reinitz, J. and Levine, M. (1990). Control of the initiation of homeotic gene expression by the gap genes giant and tailless in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 140: 57-72. PubMed Citation: 1972684

Riese, J., et al. (1997). LEF-1, a nuclear factor coordinating signaling inputs from wingless and decapentaplegic. Cell 88: 777-787. PubMed Citation: 9118221

Rivlin, P. K., et al. (2001). The role of Ultrabithorax in the patterning of adult thoracic muscles in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Genes Evol. 211: 55-66. 11455415

Roch. F. and Akam. M. (2000). Ultrabithorax and the control of cell morphology in Drosophila halteres. Development 127: 97-107. PubMed Citation: 10654604

Rogulja-Ortmann, A., Renner, S. and Technau, G. M. (2008). Antagonistic roles for Ultrabithorax and Antennapedia in regulating segment-specific apoptosis of differentiated motoneurons in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system. Development 135(20): 3435-45. PubMed Citation: 18799545

Rollins, R. A., Morcillo, P. and Dorsett, D. (1999). Nipped-B, a Drosophila homolog of chromosomal adherins, participates in activation by remote enhancers in the cut and Ultrabithorax genes. Genetics 152: 577-593

Ronshaugen, M., McGinnis, N. and McGinnis, W. (2002). Hox protein mutation and macroevolution of the insect body plan. Nature 415(6874): 914-7. 11859370

Ronshaugen, M., Biemar, F., Piel, J., Levine, M. and Lai, E. C. (2005). The Drosophila microRNA iab-4 causes a dominant homeotic transformation of halteres to wings. Genes Dev. 19(24): 2947-52. 16357215

Roy, S., and VijayRaghavan, K. (1997). Homeotic genes and the regulation of myoblast migration, fusion, and fibre-specific gene expression during adult myogenesis in Drosophila. Development 124(17): 3333-3341

Rozovskaia, T., et al. (1999). Trithorax and ASH1 interact directly and associate with the Trithorax group-responsive bxd region of the Ultrabithorax promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 6441-6447

Rozowski, M. and Akam, M. (2002). Hox gene control of segment-specific bristle patterns in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 16: 1150-1162. 12000797

Rudolph, T., et al. (2007). Heterochromatin formation in Drosophila is initiated through active removal of H3K4 methylation by the LSD1 homolog SU(VAR)3-3. Mol. Cell 26(1): 103-15. Medline abstract: 17434130

Saffman, E. E. and Krasnow, M. A. (1994). A differential response element for the homeotics at the Antennapedia P1 promoter of Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 7420-7424

Saller, E. and Bienz, M. (2001). Direct competition between Brinker and Drosophila Mad in Dpp target gene transcription. EMBO Reports 2: 298-305. 11306550

Saller, E., Kelley, A. and Bienz, M. (2002). The transcriptional repressor Brinker antagonizes Wingless signaling. Genes Dev. 16: 1828-1838. 12130542

Sambrani, N., Hudry, B., Maurel-Zaffran, C., Zouaz, A., Mishra, R., Merabet, S. and Graba, Y. (2013a). Distinct molecular strategies for Hox-mediated limb suppression in Drosophila: from cooperativity to dispensability/antagonism in TALE partnership. PLoS Genet 9: e1003307. PubMed ID: 23505377

Sambrani, N., Pradel, J. and Graba, Y. (2013b). Distinct genetic requirements for BX-C mediated specification of abdominal denticles. Dev Dyn. PubMed ID: 24155218

Sanchez-Elsner, T., Gou, D., Kremmer, E. and Sauer, F. (2006). Noncoding RNAs of trithorax response elements recruit Drosophila Ash1 to Ultrabithorax. Science 311(5764): 1118-23. 16497925 Please note that the Sanchez-Elsner paper has been retracted (see retraction report)

Sanchez-Garcia, I., et al. (1993). The cysteine-rich LIM domains inhibit DNA binding by the associated homeodomain in Isl-1. EMBO J. 12: 4243-50

Sanchez-Herrero, E. (2013). Hox targets and cellular functions. Scientifica (Cairo) 2013: 738257. PubMed ID: 24490109

Saunders, A., Core, L. J. and Lis, J. T. (2006). Breaking barriers to transcription elongation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 557-567. PubMed Citation: 16936696

Sawa, C., et al. (2002). YEAF1/RYBP and YAF-2 are functionally distinct members of a cofactor family for the YY1 and E4TF1/hGABP transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 277(25): 22484-90. 11953439

Schaub, C. and Frasch, M. (2013). Org-1 is required for the diversification of circular visceral muscle founder cells and normal midgut morphogenesis. Dev Biol. 376(2): 245-59. PubMed ID: 23380635

Schmitt, S., Prestel, M. and Paro, R. (2005). Intergenic transcription through a polycomb group response element counteracts silencing. Genes Dev. 19(6): 697-708. 15741315

Schneiderman, A. M., Tao, M. L. and Wyman, R. J. (1993). Duplication of the escape-response neural pathway by mutation of the bithorax-complex. Dev. Biol. 157 (2): 455-473

Schuettengruber B., et al. (2009). Functional anatomy of polycomb and trithorax chromatin landscapes in Drosophila embryos. PLOS Biology 7: 0146-0146. PubMed Citation: 19143474

Scuderi, A., Simin, K., Kazuko, S. G., Metherall, J. E. and Letsou, A. (2006). scylla and charybde, homologues of the human apoptotic gene RTP801, are required for head involution in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 291(1): 110-22. 1642334

Seitz, M. C., Wickenheisser, J. K. and Siegfried, E. (1998). Overexpression of Zeste white 3 blocks Wingless signaling in the Drosophila embryonic midgut. Dev. Biol. 197(2): 218-233

Sengupta, A. K., Kuhrs, A. and Müller, J. (2004). General transcriptional silencing by a Polycomb response element in Drosophila. Development 131: 1959-1965. 15056613

Shashidhara, L. S., Agrawal, N., Bajpai, R., Bharathi, V. and Sinha, P. (1999). Negative regulation of dorsoventral signaling by the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax during haltere development in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 212(2): 491-502. 10433837

Shimojima, T., et al. (2003). Drosophila FACT contributes to Hox gene expression through physical and functional interactions with GAGA factor. Genes Dev. 17: 1605-1616. 12815073

Shlyueva, D., Meireles-Filho, A. C. A., Pagani, M. and Stark, A. (2015). Genome-wide Ultrabithorax binding analysis reveals highly targeted genomic loci at developmental regulators and a potential connection to Polycomb-mediated regulation. bioRxiv

Shroff, S., Joshi, M. and Orenic, T. V. (2007). Differential Delta expression underlies the diversity of sensory organ patterns among the legs of the Drosophila adult. Mech. Dev. 124: 43-58. Medline abstract: 17107776

Singh, S., Sanchez-Herrero, E. and Shashidhara, L. S. (2015). Critical role for Fat/Hippo and IIS/Akt pathways downstream of Ultrabithorax during haltere specification in Drosophila. Mech Dev 138 Pt 2:198-209. PubMed ID: 26299254

Smith, M., Mallin, D. R., Simon, J. A. and Courey, A. J. (2011). Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation impedes transcriptional silencing by the polycomb group repressor Sex Comb on Midleg. J. Biol. Chem. 286(13): 11391-400. PubMed Citation: 21278366

Sorge, S., Ha, N., Polychronidou, M., Friedrich, J., Bezdan, D., Kaspar, P., Schaefer, M. H., Ossowski, S., Henz, S. R., Mundorf, J., Ratzer, J., Papagiannouli, F. and Lohmann, I. (2012). The cis-regulatory code of Hox function in Drosophila. EMBO J 31: 3323-3333. Pubmed: 22781127

Srinivasan, L. and Atchison, M. L. (2004). YY1 DNA binding and PcG recruitment requires CtBP. Genes Dev. 18(21): 2596-601. 15520279

Staehling-Hampton, K. and Hoffmann, F. M. (1994). Ectopic decapentaplegic in the Drosophila midgut alters the expression of five homeotic genes, dpp, and wingless, causing specific morphological defects. Dev. Biol. 164: 502-512

Stark, A., Brennecke, J., Russell, R. B. and Cohen, S. M. (2003). Identification of Drosophila MicroRNA targets. PLoS Biol. 1: E60. 14691535

Stark, A., Bushati, N., Jan, C. H., Kheradpour, P., Hodges, E., Brennecke, J., Bartel, D. P., Cohen, S. M. and Kellis, M. (2008). A single Hox locus in Drosophila produces functional microRNAs from opposite DNA strands. Genes Dev. 22(1): 8-13. PubMed citation: 18172160

Starr, M. O., et al. (2011). Molecular dissection of cis-regulatory modules at the Drosophila bithorax complex reveals critical transcription factor signature motifs. Dev. Biol. [Epub ahead of print]. PubMed Citation: 21821017

Stern, D. L. (1998). A role of Ultrabithorax in morphological differences between Drosophila species. Nature 396(6710): 463-6. PubMed Citation: 9853753

Stern, D. L. (2003). The Hox gene Ultrabithorax modulates the shape and size of the third leg of Drosophila by influencing diverse mechanisms. Dev. Biol. 256: 355-366. 12679108

Struhl, G. (1982). Genes controlling segmental specification in the Drosophila thorax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79: 7380-84

Strutt, H., Cavalli, G. and Paro, R. (1997). Co-localization of Polycomb protein and GAGA factor on regulatory elements responsible for the maintenance of homeotic gene expression. EMBO J. 16:3621-3632

Subramanian, V., Bomze, H.M. and Lopez, A.J. (1993). Functional differences between Ultrabithorax protein isoforms in Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence from elimination, substitution and extopic expression of specific isoforms. Genetics 136: 979-991

Sun, B., Hursh, D. A. Jackson, A., Beachy, P. A. (1995). Ultrabithorax protein is necessary but not sufficient for full activation of decapentaplegic expression in the visceral mesoderm. EMBO J. 14: 520-535

Suska, A., Miguel-Aliaga, I. and Thor, S. (2011). Segment-specific generation of Drosophila Capability neuropeptide neurons by multi-faceted Hox cues. Dev. Biol. 353(1): 72-80. PubMed Citation: 21354130

Szuts, D., Freeman, M. and Bienz, M. (1997). Antagonism between EGFR and Wingless signalling in the larval cuticle of Drosophila. Development 124(16): 3209-3219

TenHarmsel, A., et al. (1993). Cooperative binding at a distance by even-skipped protein correlates with repression and suggests a mechanism of silencing. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 2742-52

Thomsen, S., Azzam, G., Kaschula, R., Williams, L. S. and Alonso, C. R. (2010). Developmental RNA processing of 3'UTRs in Hox mRNAs as a context-dependent mechanism modulating visibility to microRNAs. Development 137(17): 2951-60. PubMed Citation: 20667912

Thuringer, F., Cohen, S. M. and Bienz, M. (1993). Dissection of an indirect autoregulatory response of a homeotic Drosophila gene. EMBO J. 12: 2419-30

Tie, F., et al. (2001). The Drosophila Polycomb Group proteins ESC and E(Z) are present in a complex containing the histone-binding protein p55 and the histone deacetylase RPD3. Development 128: 275-286

Tillib, S., et al. (1999). Trithorax- and Polycomb-group response elements within an Ultrabithorax transcription maintenance unit consist of closely situated but separable sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 5189-5202

Tour, E., Hittinger, C. T. and McGinnis, W. (2005). Evolutionarily conserved domains required for activation and repression functions of the Drosophila Ultrabithorax protein. Development 132: 5271-5281. 16284118

Tsubota, T., Saigo, K. and Kojima, T. (2008). Hox genes regulate the same character by different strategies in each segment. Mech. Dev. 125(9-10): 894-905. PubMed Citation: 18586088

Vachon, G. (1992). Homeotic genes of the bithroax complex repress limb development in the abdomen of the Drosophila embryo through the target gene Distal-less. Cell 71: 437-450

van der Knaap, J.A., Kumar, B. R. P., Moshkin, Y. M., Langenberg, K., Krijgsveld, J., Heck, A. J. R., Karch, F. and Verrijzer, C. P. (2005). GMP synthetase stimulates histone H2B deubiquitylation by the epigenetic silencer USP7. Mol. Cell 17: 695-707. 15749019

van de Wetering, M., et al. (1997). Armadillo coactivates transcription driven by the product of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dTCF. Cell 88: 789-799

Vazquez, J., Müller, M., Pirrotta, V. and Sedat, J. W. (2006). The Mcp element mediates stable long-range chromosome-chromosome interactions in Drosophila. Mol. Biol. Cell 17(5): 2158-65. PubMed Citation: 16495335

Wada, T., et al. (1998). DSIF, a novel transcription elongation factor that regulates RNA polymerase II processivity, is composed of human Spt4 and Spt5 homologs. Genes Dev. 12: 343-356. PubMed Citation: 9450929

Walldorf, U., Binner, P. and Fleig, R. (2000). Hox genes in the honey bee Apis mellifera Dev. Genes Evol. 210: 483-492

Walsh, C. M. and Carroll, S. B. (2007). Collaboration between Smads and a Hox protein in target gene repression. Development 134(20): 3585-92. PubMed citation: 17855427

Waltzer, L. and Bienz, M. (1999). A function of CBP as a transcriptional co-activator during Dpp signalling. EMBO J. 18(6): 1630-1641

Wang, H. B., Wang, L. J., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Vidal, M., Tempst, P., Jones, R. S. and Zhang, Y. (2004). Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in polycomb silencing. Nature 431: 873-878. 15386022

Wang, L., Brown, J. L., Cao, R., Zhang, Y., Kassis, J. A. and Jones, R. S. (2004). Hierarchical recruitment of polycomb group silencing complexes. Mol. Cell 14: 637-646. Medline abstract: 15175158

Wang, L., et al. (2006). Alternative ESC and ESC-like subunits of a Polycomb group histone methyltransferase complex are differentially deployed during Drosophila development. Mol. Cell. Bio. 26: 2637-2647. 16537908

Wang, L., et al. (2010). Comparative analysis of chromatin binding by Sex Comb on Midleg (SCM) and other Polycomb group repressors at a Drosophila Hox gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 30: 2584-2584. PubMed Citation: 20351181

Warren, R.W., et al. (1994). Evolution of homeotic gene regulation and function in flies and butterflies. Nature 372: 458-461

Weatherbee, S. D., Halder, G., Kim, J., Hudson, A. and Carroll, S. (1998). Ultrabithorax regulates genes at several levels of the wing-patterning hierarchy to shape the development of the Drosophila haltere. Genes Dev 12: 1474-1482. PubMed ID: 9585507

Weatherbee, S. D., et al. (1999). Ultrabithorax function in butterfly wings and the evolution of insect wing patterns. Curr. Biol. 9(3): 109-15

Weigmann, K. and Cohen, S. M. (1999). Lineage-tracing cells born in different domains along the PD axis of the developing Drosophila leg. Development 126: 3823-3830. 10433911

White, R. A. H., et al. (2000). The design and analysis of a homeotic response element. Mech. Dev. 91: 217-226.

Wiellette, E. L. and McGinnis, W. (1999). Hox genes differentially regulate Serrate to generate segment-specific structures. Development 126(9): 1985-1995

Wu, C. H., et al. (2005). Molecular characterization of Drosophila NELF. Nucleic Acids Res 33: 1269-1279. PubMed Citation: 15741180

Yamaguchi, Y., Wada, T. and Handa, H. (1998). Interplay between positive and negative elongation factors: Drawing a new view of DRB. Genes Cells 3: 9-15. PubMed Citation: 9581978

Ye, X., et al. (1997). Ultrabithorax and Antennapedia 5' untranslated regions promote developmentally regulated internal translation initiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 1714-1721

Yu, X., et al. (1996). decapentaplegic, a target gene of the wingless signalling pathway in the Drosophila midgut. Development 122: 849-858

Yu, X., et al. (1998). Transcriptional repression due to high levels of Wingless signalling. EMBO J. 17: 7021-7032

Yung, P. Y., Stuetzer, A., Fischle, W., Martinez, A. M. and Cavalli, G. (2015). Histone H3 Serine 28 is essential for efficient Polycomb-mediated gene repression in Drosophila. Cell Rep 11(9):1437-45. PubMed ID: 26004180

Zhang, C. C. and Bienz, M. (1992). Segmental determination in Drosophila conferred by hunchback (hb), a repressor of the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 7511-5

Zheng, Z., et al. (1999). Homeotic gene expression in the wild-type and a homeotic mutant of the moth Manduca sexta. Dev. Genes Evol. 209: 460-472

Zouaz, A., Auradkar, A., Delfini, M. C., Macchi, M., Barthez, M., Ela Akoa, S., Bastianelli, L., Xie, G., Deng, W. M., Levine, S. S., Graba, Y. and Saurin, A. J. (2017). The Hox proteins Ubx and AbdA collaborate with the transcription pausing factor M1BP to regulate gene transcription. EMBO J. PubMed ID: 28871058

back to UltrabithoraxReferences part 1/2

date revised:  16 April 2019
 

Home page: The Interactive Fly © 1997 Thomas B. Brody, Ph.D.

The Interactive Fly resides on the
Society for Developmental Biology's Web server.