Goosecoid

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Embryonic

GSC is first detected at cellularization (Stage 4) as a dorsoanterior stripe 2-3 cells wide, appearing in a strong horseshoe-like pattern across the dorsal side of the embryo anterior to the appearing cephalic furrow [Images]. This region corresponds to an extreme anterior-dorsal position of most insects, because the head neuraxis of Drosophila is bent dorsally. At germband extension (Stage 8) GSC is down-regulated in the dorsal-most region of the embryo and the horseshoe pattern resolves into a large cluster of cells on each side of the presumptive head. These positive cells migrate laterally and, by stage 10, GSC is restricted to three small clusters that migrate inside the embryo at germband retraction and are then associated with the brain hemispheres (Goriely, 1996 and Hahn, 1996).

A second domain of expression is seen as a cluster of cells at the time the stomodeum is first visible. This cluster follows the movements of foregut invagination and is incorporated into the roof of the stomodeum abutting the endodermic anterior midgut territory. These cells appear to be part of the anterior foregut, the ring gland and the stomatogastric nervous system, a tissue that is modified in a mutant lacking Gsc function (Goriely, 1996 and Hahn, 1996)

Angerer, L. M., et al. (2001). Sea urchin goosecoid function links fate specification along the animal-vegetal and oral-aboral embryonic axes. Development 128: 4393-4404. 11714666

Armes, N. A. and Smith, J. C. (1997). The ALK-2 and ALK-4 activin receptors transduce distinct mesoderm-inducing signals during early Xenopus development but do not co-operate to establish thresholds. Development 124(19): 3797-3804.

Artinger, M., et al. (1997). Interaction of goosecoid and brachyury in Xenopus mesoderm patterning. Mech. Dev. 65(1-2): 187-196.

Belo, J. A., et al. (1998). The prechordal midline of the chondrocranium is defective in Goosecoid-1 mouse mutants. Mech. Dev. 72(1-2): 15-25.

Broun, M., Sokol, S. and Bode, H. R. (1999). Cngsc, a homologue of goosecoid, participates in the patterning of the head, and is expressed in the organizer region of Hydra. Development 126: 5245-5254

Bruce, A. E. E., et al. (2003). The maternally expressed zebrafish T-box gene eomesodermin regulates organizer formation. Development 130: 5503-5517. 14530296

Candia, A. F. and Wright, C. V. (1995). The expression pattern of Xenopus Mox-2 implies a role in initial mesodermal differentiation. Mech Dev 52: 27-36

Conway, S. J. (1999). Novel expression of the Goosecoid transcription factor in the embryonic mouse heart. Mech. Dev. 81(1-2): 187-91.

Croce, J., Lhomond, G. and Gache, C. (2003). Coquillette, a sea urchin T-box gene of the Tbx2 subfamily, is expressed asymmetrically along the oral-aboral axis of the embryo and is involved in skeletogenesis. Mech. Dev. 120: 561-572. 12782273

Ding, X, Hausen, P. and Steinbeisser, H. (1998). Pre-MBT patterning of early gene regulation in Xenopus: the role of the cortical rotation and mesoderm induction. Mech. Dev. 70: 15-24.

Ecochard, V., et al. (1998). A novel xenopus mix-like gene milk involved in the control of the endomesodermal fates. Development 125(14): 2577-2585.

Fan, M. J. and Sokol, S. Y. (1997). A role for Siamois in Spemann organizer formation. Development 124(13): 2581-2589.

Ferreiro, B., et al. (1998). Antimorphic goosecoids. Development 125(8): 1347-1359.

Filosa, S., et al. (1997). Goosecoid and HNF-3ß genetically interact to regulate neural tube patterning during mouse embryogenesis. Development 124(14): 2843-2854.

Galili, N., et al. (1998). Gscl, a gene within the minimal DiGeorge critical region, is expressed in primordial germ cells and the developing pons. Dev. Dyn. 212(1): 86-93.

Germain, S., et al. (2000). Homeodomain and winged-helix transcription factors recruit activated Smads to distinct promoter elements via a common Smad interaction motif. Genes and Dev. 14: 435-451.

González-Gaitan, M. and Jäckle, H. (1995). Invagination centers within the Drosophila stomatogastric nervous system anlage are positioned by Notch-mediated signaling which is spatially controlled through wingless. Development 121: 2313-25

Goriely, A., et al. (1996). A functional homologue of goosecoid in Drosophila. Development 122: 1641-1650

Hahn, M. and Jackle, H. (1996). Drosophila goosecoid participates in neural development but not in body axis formation. EMBO J 15 (12): 3077-3084.

Hashimoto-Partyka, M. K., et al. (2003). Nodal signaling in Xenopus gastrulae is cell-autonomous and patterned by ß-Catenin. Dev. Bio. 253: 125-138. 12490202

Heanue, T. A., et al. (1997). Goosecoid misexpression alters the morphology and Hox gene expression of the developing chick limb bud. Mech. Dev. 69(1-2): 31-37

Jimenez, G., Verrijzer, C. P. and Ish-Horowicz, D. (1999). A conserved motif in Goosecoid mediates Groucho-dependent repression in Drosophila embryos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19(3): 2080-7.

Jones, C. M., et al. (1995). Nodal-related signals induce axial mesoderm and dorsalize mesoderm during gastrulation. Development 121: 3651-62

Joore, J., et al (1997). Domains of retinoid signalling and neurectodermal expression of zebrafish otx1 and goosecoid are mutually exclusive. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 75(5): 601-612.

Joore, J., et al. (1998). Protein kinase A is involved in the induction of early mesodermal marker genes by activin. Mech. Dev. 79(1-2): 5-16

Kessler, D. S. (1997). Siamois is required for formation of Spemann's organizer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94(24): 13017-13022.

Knoetgen, H., Viebahn, C. and Kessel, M. (1999). Head induction in the chick by primitive endoderm of mammalian, but not avian origin. Development 126(4): 815-825.

Ku, M., et al. (2005). Positive and negative regulation of the transforming growth factor beta/activin target gene goosecoid by the TFII-I family of transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25(16): 7144-57. 16055724

Labbe, E., et al. (1998). Smad2 and Smad3 positively and negatively regulate TGF beta-dependent transcription through the forkhead DNA-binding protein FAST2. Mol. Cell (1): 109-20.

Lanctot, C., Lamolet, B. and Drouin, J. (1997). The bicoid-related homeoprotein Ptx1 defines the most anterior domain of the embryo and differentiates posterior from anterior lateral mesoderm. Development 124(14): 2807-2817.

Latinkic, B. V. and Smith, J. C. (1999). Goosecoid and Mix.1 repress Brachyury expression and are required for head formation in Xenopus. Development 126(8): 1769-1779

Laurent, M. N., et al. (1997). The Xenopus homeobox gene twin mediates Wnt induction of goosecoid in establishment of Spemann's organizer. Development 124(23): 4905-4916.

Lemaire, L., et al. (1997). Segregating expression domains of two goosecoid genes during the transition from gastrulation to neurulation in chick embryos. Development 124: 1443-52

McKendry, R., Harland, R. M. and Stachel, S. E. (1998). Activin-induced factors maintain goosecoid transcription through a paired homeodomain binding site. Dev. Biol. 204(1): 172-86.

Messenger, N. J., et al. (2005). Functional specificity of the Xenopus T-domain protein Brachyury is conferred by its ability to interact with Smad1. Dev. Cell 8(4): 599-610. 15809041

Mochizuki, T., et al. (2000). Xlim-1 and LIM domain binding protein 1 cooperate with various transcription factors in the regulation of the goosecoid promoter. Dev. Bio. 224: 470-485.

Niehrs, C., et al. (1993). The homeobox gene goosecoid controls cell migration in Xenopus embryos. Cell 72: 491-503

Papin, C. and Smith, J. C. (2000). Gradual refinement of activin-induced thresholds requires protein synthesis. Dev. Biol. 217: 166-172.

Re'em-Kalma, Y., Lamb, T. and Frank, D. (1995). Competition between noggin and bone morphogenetic protein 4 activities may regulate dorsalization during Xenopus development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 12141-12145

Ring, C., et al. (2002). The role of a Williams-Beuren syndrome-associated helix-loop-helix domain-containing transcription factor in activin/nodal signaling. Genes Dev. 16: 820-835. 11937490

Rivera-PÈrez, J. A., Wakamiya, M. and Behringer, R. R. (1999). Goosecoid acts cell autonomously in mesenchyme-derived tissues during craniofacial development. Development 126: 3811-3821

Schmidt-Ott, et al. (1994). Number, identity, and sequence of the Drosophila head segments as revealed by neural elements and their deletion patterns in mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 8363-8367

Schulte-Merker, S., et al. (1994). Expression of zebrafish goosecoid and no tail gene products in wild-type and mutant no tail embryos. Development 120: 843-852

Smith, S. T. and Jaynes, J. B. (1996). A conserved region of Engrailed, shared among all en-, gsc-, Nk1-, Nk2- and msh-class homeoproteins, mediates active transcriptional repression in vivo. Development 122(10): 3141-3150.

Thisse, C., et al. (1994).Goosecoid expression in neurectoderm and mesendoderm is disrupted in zebrafish cyclops gastrulas. Dev Biol 164: 420-429

Toyama, R., et al. (1995). Nodal induces ectopic goosecoid and lim1 expression and axis duplication in zebrafish. Development 121: 383-391

Tucker, A. S., et al. (2004). Bapx1 regulates patterning in the middle ear: altered regulatory role in the transition from the proximal jaw during vertebrate evolution. Development 131: 1235-1245. 14973294

Wacker, S., et al. (1998). Patterns and control of cell motility in the Xenopus gastrula. Development 125(10): 1931-1042.

Yamada, G., et al. (1995). Targeted mutation of the murine goosecoid gene results in craniofacial defects and neonatal death. Development 121: 2917-2922

Yamanaka, Y., et al. (1998). A novel homeobox gene, dharma, can induce the organizer in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Genes Dev. 12(15): 2345-2353.

Yao, J. and Kessler, D. S. (2001). Goosecoid promotes head organizer activity by direct repression of Xwnt8 in Spemann's organizer. Development 128: 2975-2987. 11532920

Yasuo, H. and Lemaire, P. (2001). Role of Goosecoid, Xnot and Wnt antagonists in the maintenance of the notochord genetic program in Xenopus gastrulae. Development 128: 3783-3793. 11585804

Zhu, L., et al. (1999). Goosecoid regulates the neural inducing strength of the mouse node. Dev. Biol. 216(1): 276-81.

Zoltewicz, J. S. and Gerhart, J. C. (1997). The Spemann organizer of Xenopus is patterned along its anteroposterior axis at the earliest gastrula stage. Dev. Biol. 192(2): 482-491.

date revised: 15 October 2005 

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