Distal-less


REFERENCES

Abu-Shaar, M. and Mann, R. S. (1998). Generation of multiple antagonistic domains along the proximodistal axis during Drosophila leg development. Development 125(19): 3821-3830. PubMed ID: 9729490

Abzhanov, A. and Kaufman, T. C. (2000). Homologs of Drosophila appendage genes in the patterning of arthropod limbs. Dev. Biol. 227: 673-689. PubMed ID: 11071783

Acampora, D., et al. (1999). Craniofacial, vestibular and bone defects in mice lacking the Distal- less-related gene Dlx5. Development 126: 3795-3809. PubMed ID: 10433909

Agelopoulos, M., McKay, D. J. and Mann, R. S. (2012). Developmental regulation of chromatin conformation by Hox proteins in Drosophila. Cell Rep. 1(4): 350-9. PubMed ID: 22523743

Anderson, S. A., et al. (1997a). Mutations of the homeobox genes Dlx-1 and Dlx-2 disrupt the striatal subventricular zone and differentiation of late born striatal neurons. Neuron 19(1): 27-37. PubMed ID: 9247261

Anderson, S. A., et al. (1997b). Interneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: dependence on Dlx genes. Science 278(5337): 474-476. PubMed ID: 9334308

Angelini, D. R., Smith, F. W., Aspiras, A. C., Kikuchi, M. and Jockusch, E. L. (2012). Patterning of the adult mandibulate mouthparts in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Genetics 190(2): 639-54. PubMed ID: 22135350

Averof, M. and Cohen, S. M. (1997). Evolutionary origin of insect wings from ancestral gills. Nature 385: 627-630. PubMed ID: 9024659

Barron, F., et al. (2011). Downregulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression by Hand2 is essential for initiation of tongue morphogenesis. Development 138(11): 2249-59. PubMed ID: 21558373

Beanan, M. J., Feledy, J. A. and Sargent, T. D. (2000). Regulation of early expression of Dlx3, a Xenopus anti-neural factor, by beta-catenin signaling. Mech. Dev. 91: 227-235. PubMed ID: 10704847

Beermann, A., et al. (2001). The Short antennae gene of Tribolium is required for limb development and encodes the orthologue of the Drosophila Distal-less protein. Development 128: 287-297. PubMed ID: 11124123

Bei, M. and Maas, R. (1998). FGFs and BMP4 induce both Msx1-independent and Msx1-dependent signaling pathways in early tooth development. Development 125(21): 4325-4333. PubMed ID: 9753686

Beldade, P., Brakefield, P. M. and Long, A. D. (2002). Contribution of Distal-less to quantitative variation in butterfly eyespots. Nature 415(6869): 315-8. PubMed ID: 11797007

Bertet, C., Li, X., Erclik, T., Cavey, M., Wells, B., Desplan, C. (2014) Temporal patterning of neuroblasts controls Notch-mediated cell survival through regulation of Hid or Reaper. Cell 158: 1173-1186. PubMed ID: 25171415

Boxshall, G. A. (2004). The evolution of arthropod limbs. Biological Reviews 79: 253-300. PubMed ID: 15191225

Brakefield, P. M., et al. (1996). Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns. Nature 384: 236-242. PubMed ID: 12809139

Brugmann, S. A., et al. (2004). Six1 promotes a placodal fate within the lateral neurogenic ectoderm by functioning as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Development 131: 5871-5881. PubMed ID: 15525662

Bulfone, A., et al. (1993). Spatially restricted expression of Dlx-1, Dlx-2 (Tes-1), Gbx-2, and Wnt-3 in the embryonic day 12.5 mouse forebrain defines potential transverse and longitudinal segmental boundaries. J Neurosci 13: 3155-72. PubMed ID: 7687285

Campbell, G. and Tomlinson, A. (1998). The roles of the homeobox genes aristaless and Distal-less in patterning the legs and wings of Drosophila. Development 125(22): 4483-4493. PubMed ID: 9778507

Casarosa, S., Fode, C. and Guillemot, F. (1999). Mash1 regulates neurogenesis in the ventral telencephalon. Development 126(3): 525-534. PubMed ID: 9876181

Cavodeassi, F., Modolell, J. and Campuzano, S. (2000). The Iroquois homeobox genes function as dorsal selectors in the Drosophila head. Development 127: 1921-1929. PubMed ID: 10751180

Charite, J., et al. (2001). Role of Dlx6 in regulation of an endothelin-1-dependent, dHAND branchial arch enhancer. Genes Dev. 15: 3039-3049. PubMed ID: 11711438

Cobos, I., Borello, U. and Rubenstein, J. R. L. (2007). Dlx transcription factors promote migration through repression of axon and dendrite growth. Neuron 54: 873-888. PubMed ID: 17582329

Cohen, B., Simcox, A.A., Cohen, S.M. (1993) Allocation of the thoracic imaginal primordia in the Drosophila embryo. Development 117(2): 597-608. PubMed ID: 8330530

Cohen, S.M. and Jurgens, G. (1989). Proximal-distal pattern formation in Drosophila: cell autonomous requirements for Distal-less gene activity in limb development. EMBO J 8: 2045-55. PubMed ID: 16453891

Cohen, S.M. (1990). Specification of limb development in the Drosophila embryo by positional cues from segmentation genes. Nature 343: 173-177. PubMed ID: 2296309

Collins, R. T. and Treisman, J. E. (2000). Osa-containing Brahma chromatin remodeling complexes are required for the repression of Wingless target genes. Genes Dev. 14: 3140-3152. PubMed ID: 11124806

Cordoba, S., Requena, D., Jory, A., Saiz, A. and Estella, C. (2016). The evolutionary conserved transcription factor Sp1 controls appendage growth through Notch signaling. Development 143(19):3623-3631. PubMed ID: 27578786

Couso, J. P., Bate, M. and Martíinez-Arias, A. (1993). A wingless-dependent polar coordinate system in Drosophila imaginal discs. Science 259: 484-9. PubMed ID: 8424170

Davideau, J. L. (1999). Expression of DLX5 during human embryonic craniofacial development. Mech. Dev. 81(1-2): 183-6. PubMed ID: 10330497

Depew, M. J., et al. (1999). Dlx5 regulates regional development of the branchial arches and sensory capsules. Development 126: 3831-3846. PubMed ID: 10433912

Diaz-Benjumea, F.J., Cohen, B. and Cohen, S.M. (1994). Cell interaction between compartments establishes the proximo-distal axis of Drosophila legs. Nature 372: 175-179. PubMed ID: 7969450

Dong, P. D. S., Chu, J. and Panganiban, G. (2000). Coexpression of the homeobox genes Distal-less and homothorax determines Drosophila antennal identity. Development 127: 209-216. PubMed ID: 10603339

Dong, P. D. S., Chu, J. and Panganiban, G. (2001). Proximodistal domain specification and interactions in developing Drosophila appendages. Development 128: 2365-2372. PubMed ID: 11493555

Dong, P. D. S., Dicks. J. S. and Panganiban, G. (2002). Distal-less and homothorax regulate multiple targets to pattern the Drosophila antenna. Development 129: 1967-1974. PubMed ID: 11934862

Duncan, D. M., Burgess, E. A. and Duncan, I. (1998). Control of distal antennal identity and tarsal development in Drosophila by spineless-aristapedia, a homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor. Genes Dev. 12(9): 1290-1303. PubMed ID: 9573046

Duncan, D., Kiefel, P. and Duncan, I. (2010). Control of the spineless antennal enhancer: direct repression of antennal target genes by Antennapedia. Dev. Biol. 347(1): 82-91. PubMed ID: 20727877

Erkner, A., et al. (1999). The role of Teashirt in proximal leg development in Drosophila: ectopic teashirt expression reveals different cell behaviours in ventral and dorsal domains. Dev. Biol. 215(2): 221-232. PubMed ID: 10545232

Eisenberg, L.M., Ingham, P.W., Brown, A.M. (1992). Cloning and characterization of a novel Drosophila Wnt gene, Dwnt-5, a putative downstream target of the homeobox gene Distal-less. Dev. Biol. 154: 73-83. PubMed ID: 1358729

Ellies, D. L., et al. (1997). Specific craniofacial cartilage dysmorphogenesis coincides with a loss of dlx gene expression in retinoic acid-treated zebrafish embryos. Mech. Dev. 61: 23-36. PubMed ID: 9076675

Emerald, B. S., Curtiss, J., Mlodzik, M. and Cohen, S. M. (2003). distal antenna and distal antenna related encode nuclear proteins containing pipsqueak motifs involved in antenna development in Drosophila. Development 130: 1171-1180. PubMed ID: 12571108

Emmons, R. B., et al. (2007). Regulation of the Drosophila distal antennal determinant spineless. Dev. Biol. 302: 412-426. PubMed ID: 17084833

Estella, C., et al. (2003). The role of buttonhead and Sp1 in the development of the ventral imaginal discs of Drosophila. Development 130: 5929-5941. PubMed ID: 14561634

Estella, C., McKay, D. J. and Mann, R. S. (2008). Molecular integration of Wingless, Decapentaplegic, and autoregulatory inputs into Distalless during Drosophila leg development. Dev. Cell 14: 86-96. PubMed ID: 18194655

Estella, C. and Mann, R. S. (2010). Non-redundant selector and growth-promoting functions of two sister genes, buttonhead and Sp1, in Drosophila leg development. PLoS Genet 6: e1001001. PubMed ID: 20585625

Estrada, B. and Sánchez-Herrero, E. (2001). The Hox gene Abdominal-B antagonizes appendage development in the genital disc of Drosophila. Development 128: 331-339. PubMed ID: 11152632

Feledy, J. A., et al. (1999). Inhibitory patterning of the anterior neural plate in Xenopus by homeodomain factors Dlx3 and Msx1. Dev. Biol. 212(2): 455-64. PubMed ID: 10433834

Feng, S., Rastogi, C., Loker, R., Glassford, W. J., Tomas Rube, H., Bussemaker, H. J. and Mann, R. S. (2022). Transcription factor paralogs orchestrate alternative gene regulatory networks by context-dependent cooperation with multiple cofactors. Nat Commun 13(1): 3808. PubMed ID: 35778382

Fernandez, A. S., et al. (1998). Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three molecularly distinct domains in the telencephalon of mouse, chick, turtle and frog embryos: implications for the evolution of telencephalic subdivisions in amniotes. Development 125: 2099-2111

Ferrari, D., et al. (1995). The expression pattern of the Distal-less homeobox-containing gene Dlx-5 in the developing chick limb bud suggests its involvement in apical ectodermal ridge activity, pattern formation, and cartilage differentiation. Mech Dev 52: 257-264. PubMed ID: 9570774

Ferrari, D. and Kosher, R. A. (2003). Dlx5 is a positive regulator of chondrocyte differentiation during endochondral ossification. Dev. Bio. 252: 257-270. PubMed ID: 12482714

Foronda, D., Estrada, B., de Navas, L. and Sanchez-Herrero, E. (2006). Requirement of Abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in the developing genitalia of Drosophila breaks the posterior downregulation rule. Development 133(1): 117-27. PubMed ID: 16319117

Franch-Marro, X., Martin, N., Averof, M. and Casanova, J. (2006). Association of tracheal placodes with leg primordia in Drosophila and implications for the origin of insect tracheal systems. Development 133(5): 785-90. PubMed ID: 16469971

Galant, R. and Carroll, S. B. (2002). Evolution of a transcriptional repression domain in an insect Hox protein. Nature 415: 910-913. PubMed ID: 11859369

Galindo, M. I., et al. (2011). Control of Distal-less expression in the Drosophila appendages by functional 3' enhancers. Dev. Biol. 353(2): 396-410. PubMed ID: 21320482

Garel, S., et al. (2002). The early topography of thalamocortical projections is shifted in Ebf1 and Dlx1/2 mutant mice. Development 129: 5621-5634. PubMed ID: 12421703

Gebelein, B., et al. (2002). Specificity of Distalless repression and limb primordia development by Abdominal Hox proteins Developmental Cell 3: 487-498. PubMed ID: 12408801

Gebelein. B., McKay, D. J. and Mann, R. S. (2004). Direct integration of Hox and segmentation gene inputs during Drosophila development. Nature 431: 653-659. PubMed ID: 16556799

González-Crespo, S. and Morata, G. (1996). Genetic evidence for the subdivision of the arthropod limb into coxopodite and telopodite. Development 122: 3921-3928. PubMed ID: 9012512

Gorfinkiel, N., Morata, G. and Guerrero, I. (1997). The homeobox gene Distal-less induces ventral appendage development in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 11(17): 2259-2271. PubMed ID: 10446270

Gorfinkiel, N., Sanchez, L. and Guerrero, I. (1999). Drosophila terminalia as an appendage-like structure. Mech. Dev. 86(1-2): 113-23. PubMed ID: 10446270

Goto, S., and Hayashi, S. (1997a). Specification of the embryonic limb primordium by graded activity of Decapentaplegic. Development 124: 125-132. PubMed ID: 9006073

Goto, S., and Hayashi, S. (1997b). Cell migration within the embryonic limb primordium of Drosophila as revealed by a novel fluorescence method to visualize mRNA and protein. Dev. Genes Evol. 207: 194-198. PubMed ID:

Hamada, F., et al. (1999). Negative regulation of Wingless signaling by D-Axin, a Drosophila homolog of Axin. Science 283(5408): 1739-42. PubMed ID: 10073940

Hans, S., Liu, D. and Westerfield, M. (2004). Pax8 and Pax2a function synergistically in otic specification, downstream of the Foxi1 and Dlx3b transcription factors. Development 131: 5091-5102. PubMed ID: 15459102

Hirose, F., Ohshima, N., Shiraki, M., Inoue, Y. H., Taguchi, O., Nishi, Y. Matsukage, A. and Yamaguchi, M. (2001). Ectopic expression of DREF induces DNA synthesis, apoptosis, and unusual morphogenesis in the Drosophila eye imaginal disc: possible interaction with Polycomb and trithorax group proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21(21): 7231-42. PubMed ID: 11585906

Hitoshi, S., et al. (2002). Neural stem cell lineages are regionally specified, but not committed, within distinct compartments of the developing brain. Development 129: 233-244. PubMed ID: 11782416

Holland, N. D. (1996). Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development 122: 2911-2920. PubMed ID: 8787764

Holleville, N., et al. (2003). BMP signals regulate Dlx5 during early avian skull development. Dev. Biol. 257: 177-189. PubMed ID: 12710966

Huang, Z. and Kunes, S. (1996). Hedgehog, transmitted along retinal axons, triggers neurogenesis in the developing visual centers of the Drosophila brain. Cell 86: 411-422. PubMed ID: 8756723

Inoue, Y., et al. (2002). Correlation of expression patterns of homothorax, dachshund, and Distal-less with the proximodistal segmentation of the cricket leg bud. Mech. Dev. 113: 141-148. PubMed ID: 11960702

Irvine, S. Q., et al. (2011). Expression of the Distalless-B gene in Ciona is regulated by a pan-ectodermal enhancer module. Dev. Biol. 353(2): 432-9. PubMed ID: 21338600

Jacobsen, T. L., et al. (1998). Cis-interactions between Delta and Notch modulate neurogenic signalling in Drosophila. Development 125(22): 4531-4540. PubMed ID: 9778511

Jaiswal, M., Agrawal, N. and Sinha, P. (2006). Fat and Wingless signaling oppositely regulate epithelial cell-cell adhesion and distal wing development in Drosophila. Development 133(5): 925-35. PubMed ID: 16452097

Jouve, C., et al. (2000). Notch signaling is required for cyclic expression of the hairy-like gene HES1 in the presomitic mesoderm. Development 127: 1421-1429. PubMed ID: 10704388

Kaji, T. and Artinger, K. B. (2004). dlx3b and dlx4b function in the development of Rohon-Beard sensory neurons and trigeminal placode in the zebrafish neurula. Dev. Biol. 276(2): 523-40. PubMed ID: 15581883

Kaphingst, K. and Kunes, S. (1994). Pattern formation in the visual centers of the Drosophila brain: wingless acts via decapentplegic to specify the dorsoventral axis. Cell 78: 437-448. PubMed ID: 8062386

Kenyon, K. L., Ranade, S. S., Curtiss, J. Mlodzik, M. and Pignoni, F. (2003). Coordinating proliferation and tissue specification to promote regional identity in the Drosophila head. Dev. Cell 5: 403-414. PubMed ID: 12967560

Kim, S. N., Jung, K. I., Chung, H. M., Kim, S. H. and Jeon, S. H. (2008). The pleiohomeotic gene is required for maintaining expression of genes functioning in ventral appendage formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Biol. 319(1): 121-9. PubMed ID: 18495104

Kitamura, K., et al (1997). Expression patterns of Brx1 (Rieg gene), Sonic hedgehog, Nkx2.2, Dlx1 and Arx during zona limitans intrathalamica and embryonic ventral lateral geniculate nuclear formation. Mech. Dev. 67(1): 83-96. PubMed ID: 9347917

Klein, T. and Martinez Arias, A. (1999). The Vestigial gene product provides a molecular context for the interpretation of signals during the development of the wing in Drosophila. Development 126: 913-925. PubMed ID: 9927593

Kohtz, J. D., et al. (2001). N-terminal fatty-acylation of sonic hedgehog enhances the induction of rodent ventral forebrain neurons. Development 128: 2351-2363. PubMed ID: 11493554

Ku, H. Y. and Sun, Y. H. (2017). Notch-dependent epithelial fold determines boundary formation between developmental fields in the Drosophila antenna. PLoS Genet 13(7): e1006898. PubMed ID: 28708823

Kubota, K., et al. (2000). EGF receptor attenuates Dpp signaling and helps to distinguish the wing and leg cell fates in Drosophila. Development 127: 3769-3776. PubMed ID: 10934021

Kubota, K., Goto, S. and Hayashi, S. (2003). The role of Wg signaling in the patterning of embryonic leg primordium in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 257: 117-126. PubMed ID: 12710961

Kurata, S., et al. (2000). Notch signaling and the determination of appendage identity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 2117-2122. PubMed ID: 10681430

Lecuit, T. and Cohen, S. M. (1997). Proximal-distal axis formation in the Drosophila leg. Nature 388(6638): 139-145. PubMed ID: 9217152

Lewis, D. L., DeCamillis, M. and Bennett, R. L. (2000). Distinct roles of the homeotic genes Ubx and abd-A in beetle embryonic abdominal appendage development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 4504-4509. PubMed ID: 10781052

Li, X. and McGinnis, W. (1999). Activity regulation of Hox proteins, a mechanism for altering functional specificity in development and evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96: 6802-6807. PubMed ID: 10359793

Lowe, C. J. and Wray, G. A. (1997). Radical alterations in the roles of homeobox genes during echinoderm evolution. Nature 389(6652): 718-721. PubMed ID: 9338781

Lowe, C. J., et al. (2003). Anteroposterior patterning in hemichordates and the origins of the chordate nervous system. Cell 113: 853-865. PubMed ID: 12837244

Mann, R. S. (1994). Engrailed-mediated repression of Ultrabithorax is necessary for the parasegment 6 identity in Drosophila. Development 120: 3205-3212. PubMed ID: 7720563

McGinnis, N., et al. (1998). A cap 'n' collar protein isoform contains a selective Hox repressor function. Development 125: 4553-4564. PubMed ID: 9778513

McKay, D. J., Estella, C. and Mann, R. S. (2009). The origins of the Drosophila leg revealed by the cis-regulatory architecture of the Distalless gene. Development 136(1): 61-71. PubMed ID: 19036798

McKay, D. J. and Lieb, J. D. (2013). A common set of DNA regulatory elements shapes Drosophila appendages. Dev Cell 27: 306-318. PubMed ID: 24229644

McKinsey, G. L., Lindtner, S., Trzcinski, B., Visel, A., Pennacchio, L. A., Huylebroeck, D., Higashi, Y. and Rubenstein, J. L. (2013). Dlx1&2-dependent expression of Zfhx1b (Sip1, Zeb2) regulates the fate switch between cortical and striatal interneurons. Neuron 77: 83-98. PubMed ID: 23312518

McLarren, K. W., Litsiou, A. and Streit, A. (2003). DLX5 positions the neural crest and preplacode region at the border of the neural plate. Dev. Biol. 259: 34-47. PubMed ID: 12812786

Merabet, S., Saadaoui, M., Sambrani, N., Hudry, B., Pradel, J., Affolter, M. and Graba, Y. (2007). A unique Extradenticle recruitment mode in the Drosophila Hox protein Ultrabithorax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104(43): 16946-51. PubMed ID: 17942685

Merlo, G. R., et al. (2002). The Dlx5 homeobox gene is essential for vestibular morphogenesis in the mouse embryo through a BMP4-mediated pathway. Dev. Bio. 248: 157-169. PubMed ID: 12221004

Metscher, B. D. et al. (1997). Homeobox genes in axolotl lateral line placodes and neuromasts. Dev. Genes Evol. 207: 287-295. PubMed ID:

Mittmann, B. and Scholtz, G. (2001). Distal-less expression in embryos of Limulus polyphemus (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) and Lepisma saccharina (Insecta, Zygentoma) suggests a role in the development of mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the CNS. Dev. Genes Evol. 211: 232-243. PubMed ID: 11455438

Miura, H., et al. (1997). Expression of a novel aristaless related homeobox gene 'Arx' in the vertebrate telencephalon, diencephalon and floor plate. Mech. Dev. 65(1-2): 99-109. PubMed ID: 9256348

Miyama, K., et al. (1999). A BMP-inducible gene, Dlx5, regulates osteoblast differentiation and mesoderm induction. Dev. Biol. 208(1): 123-33. PubMed ID: 10075846

Morasso, M. I., Markova, N. G. and Sargent, T. D. (1996). Regulation of epidermal differentiation by Distal-less homeodomain gene. J. Cell Biol. 135: 1879-1887. PubMed ID: 8991098

Morasso, M. I., et al. (1999). Placental failure in mice lacking the homeobox gene Dlx3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96(1): 162-7. PubMed ID: 9874789

Mou, X., Duncan, D. M., Baehrecke, E. H. and Duncan, I. (2012). Control of target gene specificity during metamorphosis by the steroid response gene E93. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: 2949-2954. PubMed ID: 22308414

Mullen, L. M., et al. (1996). Nerve dependency of regeneration: the role of Distal-less and FGF signaling in amphibian limb regeneration. Development 122: 3487-3497. PubMed ID: 8951064

Murakami, Y., et al. (2001). Identification and expression of the lamprey Pax6 gene: evolutionary origin of the segmented brain of vertebrates. Development 128: 3521-3531. PubMed ID: 11566857

Neumann, C. J. and Cohen, S. M. (1997). Long-range action of Wingless organizes the dorsal-ventral axis of the Drosophila wing. Development 124: 871-880. PubMed ID: 9043068

Newcomb, S., Voutev, R., Jory, A., Delker, R. K., Slattery, M. and Mann, R. S. (2018). cis-regulatory architecture of a short-range EGFR organizing center in the Drosophila melanogaster leg. PLoS Genet 14(8): e1007568. PubMed ID: 30142157

Ng, M., et al. (1996). Specification of the wing by localized expression of wingless protein. Nature 381: 316-318. PubMed ID: 8692268

O'Hara, E., Cohen, B., Cohen, S.M., McGinnis, W. (1993). Distal-less is a downstream gene of Deformed required for ventral maxillary identity. Development 117(3): 847-56. PubMed ID: 8100764

Oktaba, K., et al. (2008). Dynamic regulation by polycomb group protein complexes controls pattern formation and the cell cycle in Drosophila. Dev. Cell 15(6): 877-89. PubMed ID: 18993116

Panganiban, G., Nagy, L. and Carroll, S. B. (1994). The role of the Distal-less gene in the development and evolution of insect limbs. Curr Biol 4: 671-5. PubMed ID: 7953552

Panganiban, G., et al. (1997). The origin and evolution of animal appendages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94 (10): 5162-5166

Parker, D. S., Jemison, J. and Cadigan, K. M. (2002). Pygopus, a nuclear PHD-finger protein required for Wingless signaling in Drosophila. Development 129: 2565-2576. PubMed ID: 12015286

Pera, E., Stein, S. and Kessel, M. (1999). Ectodermal patterning in the avian embryo: epidermis versus neural plate. Development 126(1): 63-73. PubMed ID: 9834186

Petryniak, M. A., et al. (2007). Dlx1 and Dlx2 control neuronal versus oligodendroglial cell fate acquisition in the developing forebrain. Neuron 55: 417-433. PubMed ID: 17678855

Plavicki, J., et al. (2012). Homeobox gene distal-less is required for neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth in the Drosophila olfactory system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109(5): 1578-83. PubMed ID: 22307614

Poitras, L., Ghanem, N., Hatch, G. and Ekker, M. (2007). The proneural determinant MASH1 regulates forebrain Dlx1/2 expression through the I12b intergenic enhancer. Development 134(9): 1755-65. PubMed ID: 17409112

Popadic, A., et al. (1998). Molecular evidence for the gnathobasic derivation of arthropod mandibles and for the appendicular origin of the labrum and other structures. Dev. Genes Evol. 208(3): 142-50. PubMed ID: 9601987

Prpic, N. M., et al. (2001). Expression of dachshund in wild-type and Distal-less mutant Tribolium corroborates serial homologies in insect appendages. Dev. Genes Evol. 211(10): 467-77. PubMed ID: 11702196

Prpic, N. M. and Tautz, D. (2003a). The expression of the proximodistal axis patterning genes Distal-less and dachshund in the appendages of Glomeris marginata (Myriapoda: Diplopoda) suggests a special role of these genes in patterning the head appendages. Dev. Bio. 260: 97-112. PubMed ID: 12885558

Prpic, N. M., Janssen, R., Wigand, B., Klingler, M. and Damen, W. G. (2003b). Gene expression in spider appendages reveals reversal of exd/hth spatial specificity, altered leg gap gene dynamics, and suggests divergent distal morphogen signaling. Dev. Biol. 264(1): 119-40. PubMed ID: 14623236

Prpic, N. M. (2004). Homologs of wingless and decapentaplegic display a complex and dynamic expression profile during appendage development in the millipede Glomeris marginata (Myriapoda: Diplopoda). Front. Zool. 1(1): 6. PubMed ID: 15679927

Punzo, C., et al. (2004). Functional divergence between eyeless and twin of eyeless in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 131: 3943-3953. PubMed ID: 15253940

Qiu, M., et al. (1995). Null mutation of Dlx-2 results in abnormal morphogenesis of proximal first and second branchial arch derivatives and abnormal differentiation in the forebrain. Genes Dev. 9: 2523-2538. PubMed ID: 7590232

Qiu, M., et al. (1997). Role of the Dlx homeobox genes in proximodistal patterning of the branchial arches: mutations of Dlx-1, Dlx-2, and Dlx-1 and -2 alter morphogenesis of proximal skeletal and soft tissue structures derived from the first and second arches. Dev. Biol. 185(2): 165-184. PubMed ID: 9187081

Radoja, N., et al. (2007). Homeobox gene Dlx3 is regulated by p63 during ectoderm development: relevance in the pathogenesis of ectodermal dysplasias. Development 134(1): 13-8. PubMed ID: 17164413

Rallu, M., et al. (2002). Dorsoventral patterning is established in the telencephalon of mutants lacking both Gli3 and Hedgehog signaling Development 129: 4963-4974. PubMed ID: 12397105

Rauskolb, C. (2001). The establishment of segmentation in the Drosophila leg. Development 128: 4511-4521. PubMed ID: 11714676

Reed, R. D. and Serfas, M. S. (2004). Butterfly wing pattern evolution is associated with changes in a Notch/Distal-less temporal pattern formation process. Curr. Biol. 14: 1159-1166. PubMed ID: 15242612

Regier, J. C., et al. (2010). Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences. Nature 463: 1079-1083. PubMed ID: 20147900

Robledo, R. F., et al. (2002). The Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are essential for craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeletal development. Genes Dev. 16: 1089-1101. PubMed ID: 12000792

Ronco, M., et al. (2008). Antenna and all gnathal appendages are similarly transformed by homothorax knock-down in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Dev. Biol. 313: 80-92. PubMed ID: 18061158

Ronshaugen, M., McGinnis, N. and McGinnis, W. (2002). Hox protein mutation and macroevolution of the insect body plan. Nature 415: 914-917. PubMed ID: 11859370

Ryoo, H. D., et al. (1999). Regulation of Hox target genes by a DNA bound Homothorax/Hox/Extradenticle complex. Development 126: 5137-5148. PubMed ID: 10529430

Schoppmeier, M. and Damen, W. G. M. (2001). Double-stranded RNA interference in the spider Cupiennius salei: the role of Distal-less is evolutionarily conserved in arthropod appendage formation. Dev. Genes Evol. 211: 76-82. PubMed ID: 11455417

Shiga, Y., et al. (2002). Evolving role of Antennapedia protein in arthropod limb patterning. Development 129: 3555-3561. PubMed ID: 12117806

Shimamoto, T., et al. (1997). Inhibition of DLX-7 homeobox gene causes decreased expression of GATA-1 and c-myc genes and apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94 (7): 3245-3249. PubMed ID: 9096378

Silbereis, J. C., et al. (2014). Olig1 function is required to repress dlx1/2 and interneuron production in Mammalian brain. Neuron 81: 574-587. PubMed ID: 24507192

Simonnet, F., and Moczek, A. P. (2011). Conservation and diversification of gene function during mouthpart development in Onthophagus beetles. Evol. Dev. 13: 280-289. PubMed ID: 21535466

Snodgrass, R. E. (1935). Principles of Insect Morphology. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 83-99.

Sperber, S. M., Saxena, V., Hatch, G. and Ekker, M. (2008). Zebrafish dlx2a contributes to hindbrain neural crest survival, is necessary for differentiation of sensory ganglia and functions with dlx1a in maturation of the arch cartilage elements. Dev. Biol. 314(1): 59-70. PubMed ID: 18158147

Stock, D. W. (2005). The Dlx gene complement of the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, resembles that of mammals: implications for genomic and morphological evolution of jawed vertebrates. Genetics 169(2): 807-17. 15489533

Stühmer, T., et al. (2002). Ectopic expression of the Dlx genes induces glutamic acid decarboxylase and Dlx expression. Development 129: 245-252. PubMed ID: 11782417

Suzanne, M., Estella, C., Calleja, M. and Sánchez-Herrero, E. (2003). The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna. Dev. Bio. 260: 465-483. PubMed ID: 12921746

Suzuki, Y., Squires, D. C. and Riddiford, L. M. (2009). Larval leg integrity is maintained by Distalless and is required for proper timing of metamorphosis in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Dev. Biol. 326: 60-67. PubMed ID: 19022238

Talbot, J. C., Johnson, S. L. and Kimmel, C. B. (2010). hand2 and Dlx genes specify dorsal, intermediate and ventral domains within zebrafish pharyngeal arches. Development 137(15): 2507-17. PubMed ID: 20573696

Thomas, B. L., et al. (1997). Role of Dlx-1 and Dlx-2 genes in patterning of the murine dentition. Development 124(23): 4811-4818. PubMed ID: 9428417

Thomas, B. L., et al. (2000). Independent regulation of Dlx2 expression in the epithelium and mesenchyme of the first branchial arch. Development 127: 217-224. PubMed ID: 10603340

Tour, E., Hittinger, C. T., McGinnis, W. (2005). Evolutionarily conserved domains required for activation and repression functions of the Drosophila Hox protein Ultrabithorax. Development 132(23): 5271-81. PubMed ID: 16284118

Turchyn, N., et al. (2011) Evolution of nubbin function in hemimetabolous and holometabolous insect appendages. Dev. Biol. 357: 83-95. PubMed ID: 21708143

Vachon, G. (1992). Homeotic genes of the bithroax complex repress limb development in the abdomen of the Drosophila embryo through the target gene Distal-less. Cell 71: 437-450. PubMed ID: 1358457

Vanyai, H. K., Garnham, A., May, R. E., McRae, H. M., Collin, C., Wilcox, S., Smyth, G. K., Thomas, T. and Voss, A. K. (2019). MOZ directs the distal-less homeobox gene expression program during craniofacial development. Development 146(14). PubMed ID: 31340933

Weatherbee, S. D., et al. (1999). Ultrabithorax function in butterfly wings and the evolution of insect wing patterns. Curr. Biol. 9(3): 109-15. PubMed ID: 10021383

Weigmann, K. and Cohen, S. M. (1999). Lineage-tracing cells born in different domains along the PD axis of the developing Drosophila leg/ Development 126(17): 3823-30. PubMed ID: 10433911

White, R. A. H., et al. (2000). The design and analysis of a homeotic response element. Mech. Dev. 91: 217-226. PubMed ID: 10704846

Williams, T. A. (1998). Distalless expression in crustaceans and the patterning of branched limbs. Dev. Genes Evol. 207(7): 427-34. PubMed ID: 9510537

Williams, T. A., Nulsen, C. and Nagy, L. M. (2002). A complex role for Distal-less in crustacean appendage development. Dev. Bio. 241: 302-312. PubMed ID: 11784113

Woda, J. M., Pastagia, J., Mercola, M. and Artinger, K. B. (2003). Dlx proteins position the neural plate border and determine adjacent cell fates. Development 130: 331-342. PubMed ID: 12466200

Wu, J. and Cohen, S. M. (1999). Proximodistal axis formation in the Drosophila leg: subdivision into proximal and distal domains by Homothorax and Distal-less. Development 126: 109-117. PubMed ID: 9834190

Wu, J. and Cohen, S. M. (2000). Proximal distal axis formation in the Drosophila leg: distinct functions of Teashirt and Homothorax in the proximal leg, Mech. Dev. 94: 47-56. PubMed ID: 10842058

Yang, L., et al. (1998). An early phase of embryonic Dlx5 expression defines the rostral boundary of the neural plate. J. Neurosci. 18(20): 8322-30. PubMed ID: 9763476

Yang, L., Meng, F., Ma, D., Xie, W. and Fang, M. (2013). Bridging Decapentaplegic and Wingless signaling in Drosophila wings through repression of naked cuticle by Brinker. Development 140: 413-422. PubMed ID: 23250215

Yang, Z., Liu, N. and Lin, S. (2001). A zebrafish forebrain-specific zinc finger gene can induce ectopic dlx2 and dlx6 expression. Dev. Bio. 231: 138-148. PubMed ID: 11180958

Yun, K., et al. (2002). Modulation of the notch signaling by Mash1 and Dlx1/2 regulates sequential specification and differentiation of progenitor cell types in the subcortical telencephalon. Development 129: 5029-5040. PubMed ID: 12397111

Zecca, M., Basler, K. and Struhl, G. (1996). Direct and long-range action of a Wingless morphogen gradient. Cell 87: 833-844. PubMed ID: 8945511

Zhang, H., et al. (1997). Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17(5): 2920-32. PubMed ID: 9111364

Zhang, Q., Zagozewski, J., Cheng, S., Dixit, R., Zhang, S., de Melo, J., Mu, X., Klein, W. H., Brown, N. L., Wigle, J. T., Schuurmans, C. and Eisenstat, D. D. (2017). Regulation of Brn3b by Dlx1 and Dlx2 is required for retinal ganglion cell differentiation in the vertebrate retina. Development. PubMed ID: 28356311

Zheng, Z., et al. (1999). Homeotic gene expression in the wild-type and a homeotic mutant of the moth Manduca sexta. Dev. Genes Evol. 209: 460-472. PubMed ID: 10415323


Distal-less: Biological Overview | Evolutionary Homologs | Regulation | Developmental Biology | Effects of Mutation

date revised: 5 October 2020

Home page: The Interactive Fly © 1997 Thomas B. Brody, Ph.D.

The Interactive Fly resides on the
Society for Developmental Biology's Web server.