Quirks of Human Anatomy
by Lewis I. Held, Jr.

purchasing information
back to Quirks index
References

A (1-111) * B (112-338) * C (339-550) * D-E-F (551-833) * G (834-1037)

H (1038-1239) * I-J-K (1240-1456) * L (1457-1612) * M (1613-1841) * N-O (1842-1961)

P (1962-2100) * Q-R (2101-2248) * S (2249-2541) * T-U-V (2542-2708) * W-X-Y-Z (2709-2924)
S

2249. Sacks, O. (2007). "Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain." Knopf, New York.

2250. Saele, Ř., Smáradóttir, H., and Pittman, K. (2006). Twisted story of eye migration in flatfish. J. Morph. 267, 730-738.

2251. Safi, K., Seid, M.A., and Dechmann, D.K.N. (2005). Bigger is not always better: when brains get smaller. Biol. Lett. 1, 283-286.

2252. Sagai, T., Hosoya, M., Mizushina, Y., Tamura, M., and Shiroishi, T. (2004). Elimination of a long-range cis-regulatory module causes complete loss of limb-specific Shh expression and truncation of the mouse limb. Development 132, 797-803.

2253. Sagan, C. (1977). "The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence." Random House, New York.

2254. Sagan, C. and Druyan, A. (1992). "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: A Search for Who We Are." Ballantine Books, New York.

2255. Sagasti, A. (2007). Three ways to make two sides: genetic models of asymmetric nervous system development. Neuron 55, 345-351.

2256. Sai, X.R. and Ladher, R.K. (2008). FGF signaling regulates cytoskeletal remodeling during epithelial morphogenesis. Curr. Biol. 18, 976-981.

2257. Saijoh, Y., Oki, S., Tanaka, C., Nakamura, T., Adachi, H., Yan, Y.-T., Shen, M.M., and Hamada, H. (2005). Two Nodal-responsive enhancers control left-right asymmetric expression of Nodal. Dev. Dynamics 232, 1031-1036.

2258. Saito, D., Yonei-Tamura, S., Takahashi, Y., and Tamura, K. (2006). Level-specific role of paraxial mesoderm in regulation of Tbx5/Tbx4 expression and limb initiation. Dev. Biol. 292, 79-89.

2259. Sakagami, M. and Pan, X. (2007). Functional role of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in decision making. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 17, 228-233.

2260. Sakai, T., Larsen, M., and Yamada, K.M. (2003). Fibronectin requirement in branching morphogenesis. Nature 423, 876-881.

2261. Sakata, N., Miyazaki, K., and Wakahara, M. (2006). Up-regulation of P450arom and down-regulation of Dmrt-1 genes in the temperature-dependent sex reversal from genetic males to phenotypic females in a salamander. Dev. Genes Evol. 216, 224-228.

2262. Salazar-Ciudad, I. (2007). On the origins of morphological variation, canalization, robustness, and evolvability. Integr. Comp. Biol. 47, 390-400.

2263. Salazar-Ciudad, I. (2008). Making evolutionary predictions about the structure of development and morphology: beyond the neo-Darwinian and constraints paradigms. In "Evolving Pathways: Key Themes in Evolutionary Developmental Biology", (A. Minelli and G. Fusco, eds.). Cambridge Univ. Pr.: New York, pp. 31-49.

2264. Salazar-Ciudad, I. and Jernvall, J. (2002). A gene network model accounting for development and evolution of mammalian teeth. PNAS 99 #12, 8116-8120.

2265. Salazar-Ciudad, I. and Jernvall, J. (2005). Graduality and innovation in the evolution of complex phenotypes: insights from development. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 619-631.

2266. Sami, D.A., Saunders, D., Thompson, D.A., Russell-Eggitt, I.M., Nischal, K.K., Jeffery, G., Dattani, M., Clement, R.A., Liassis, A., and Taylor, D.S. (2005). The achiasmia spectrum: congenitally reduced chiasmal decussation. J. Ophthalmol. 89, 1311-1317.

2267. Samokhvalov, I.M., Samokhvalova, N.I., and Nishikawa, S.-i. (2007). Cell tracing shows the contribution of the yolk sac to adult haematopoiesis. Nature 446, 1056-1061. [See also Nagai, H. and Sheng, G. (2008). Definitive erythropoiesis in chicken yolk sac. Dev. Dynamics 237, 3332-3341.] 2268. Sánchez Alvarado, A. and Tsonis, P.A. (2006). Bridging the regeneration gap: genetic insights from diverse animal models. Nature Rev. Genet. 7, 873-884.

2269. Sánchez, L., Gorfinkiel, N., and Guerrero, I. (2001). Sex determination genes control the development of the Drosophila genital disc, modulating the response to Hedgehog, Wingless and Decapentaplegic signals. Development 128, 1033-1043.

2270. Sánchez, L. and Guerrero, I. (2001). The development of the Drosophila genital disc. BioEssays 23, 698-707.

2271. Sandak, R., Mencl, W.E., Frost, S.J., and Pugh, K.R. (2004). The neurobiological basis of skilled and impaired reading: recent findings and new directions. Sci. Studies Reading 8, 273-292.

2272. Sander, P.M. and Clauss, M. (2008). Sauropod gigantism. Science 322, 200-201.

2273. Sanders, L.E. and Arbeitman, M.N. (2008). Doublesex establishes sexual dimorphism in the Drosophila central nervous system in an isoform-dependent manner by directing cell number. Dev. Biol. 320, 378-390.

2274. Sanefuji, W., Ohgami, H., and Hashiya, K. (2007). Development of preference for baby faces across species in humans (Homo sapiens). J. Ethology 25, 249-254.

2275. Sanger, T.J. and Gibson-Brown, J.J. (2004). The developmental basis of limb reduction and body elongation in squamates. Evolution 58, 2103-2106.

2276. Sargis, E.J., Boyer, D.M., Bloch, J.I., and Silcox, M.T. (2007). Evolution of pedal grasping in Primates. J. Human Evol. 53, 103-107.

2277. Sarin, K.Y. and Artandi, S.E. (2007). Aging, graying and loss of melanocyte stem cells. Stem Cell Rev. 3, 212-217.

2278. Sarnat, H.B. and Netsky, M.G. (1981). "Evolution of the Nervous System." Oxford Univ. Pr., New York.

2279. Satoh, A.K., Li, B.X., Xia, H., and Ready, D.F. (2008). Calcium-activated Myosin V closes the Drosophila pupil. Curr. Biol. 18, 951-955.

2280. Satou, Y. and Satoh, N. (2006). Gene regulatory networks for the development and evolution of the chordate heart. Genes Dev. 20, 2634-2638.

2281. Sauer, E.G.F. and Sauer, E.M. (1967). Yawning and other maintenance activities in the South African ostrich. The Auk 84, 571-587.

2282. Sauka-Spengler, T., Meulemans, D., Jones, M., and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2007). Ancient evolutionary origin of the neural crest gene regulatory network. Dev. Cell 13, 405-420.

2283. Saunders, P.T. (1990). The epigenetic landscape and evolution. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 39, 125-134.

2284. Sawaguchi, T. and Kubota, K. (1986). A hypothesis on the primate neocortex evolution: column-multiplication hypothesis. Internat. J. Neurosci. 30, 57-64.

2285. Sawyer, G.J. and Deak, V. (2007). "The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-two Species of Extinct Humans." Yale Univ. Pr., New Haven, Conn.

2286. Sayers, K. and Lovejoy, C.O. (2008). The chimpanzee has no clothes: a critical examination of Pan troglodytes in models of human evolution. Curr. Anthrop. 49, 87-114.

2287. Schall, J.D. (2002). The neural selection and control of saccades by the frontal eye field. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 357, 1073-1082.

2288. Scheerer, P., Park, J.H., Hildebrand, P.W., Kim, Y.J., Krauss, N., Choe, H.-W., Hofmann, K.P., and Ernst, O.P. (2008). Crystal structure of opsin in its G-protein-interacting conformation. Nature 455, 497-502.

2289. Schellenberg, E.G. and Peretz, I. (2008). Music, language and cognition: unresolved issues. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 45-46.

2290. Schenker, N.M., Desgouttes, A.-M., and Semendeferi, K. (2005). Neural connectivity and cortical substrates of cognition in hominoids. J. Human Evol. 49, 547-569.

2291. Scherer, G. (2002). The molecular genetic jigsaw puzzle of vertebrate sex determination and its missing pieces. In "The Genetics and Biology of Sex Determination", Novartis Found. Symp. 244, (D. Chadwick and J. Goode, eds.). Wiley & Sons: New York, pp. 225-239.

2292. Scherz, P.J., McGlinn, E., Nissim, S., and Tabin, C.J. (2007). Extended exposure to Sonic hedgehog is required for patterning the posterior digits of the vertebrate limb. Dev. Biol. 308, 343-354.

2293. Schierwater, B. and DeSalle, R. (2007). Can we ever identify the Urmetazoan? Integr. Comp. Biol. 47, 670-676.

2294. Schillaci, M.A. (2006). Sexual selection and the evolution of brain size in primates. PLoS ONE 1 #1, 1-5 (e62).

2295. Schilling, T.F. (1997). Genetic analysis of craniofacial development in the vertebrate embryo. BioEssays 19, 459-468.

2296. Schilling, T.F. and Kimmel, C.B. (1997). Musculoskeletal patterning in the pharyngeal segments of the zebrafish embryo. Development 124, 2945-2960.

2297. Schilthuizen, M. and Davison, A. (2005). The convoluted evolution of snail chirality. Naturwissenschaften 92, 504-515.

2298. Schlaggar, B.L. and McCandliss, B.D. (2007). Development of neural systems for reading. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 30, 475-503.

2299. Schlake, T., Schorpp, M., and Boehm, T. (2000). Formation of regulator/target gene relationships during evolution. Gene 256, 29-34.

2300. Schlosser, G. (2002). Modularity and the units of evolution. Theory Biosci. 121, 1-80.

2301. Schlosser, G. (2006). Induction and specification of cranial placodes. Dev. Biol. 294, 303-351.

2302. Schlosser, G. (2008). Do vertebrate neural crest and cranial placodes have a common evolutionary origin? BioEssays 30, 659-672.

2303. Schlosser, G. and Wagner, G.P., eds. (2004). "Modularity in Development and Evolution." Univ. of Chicago Pr., Chicago, Ill.

2304. Schluter, D. (2000). "The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation." Oxford Univ. Pr., New York.

2305. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1984). "Scaling: Why Is Animal Size So Important?" Cambridge Univ. Pr., New York.

2306. Schmolesky, M.T., Wang, Y., Creel, D.J., and Leventhal, A.G. (2000). Abnormal retinotopic organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the tyrosinase-negative cat. J. Compar. Neurol. 427, 209-219.

2307. Schmutz, S.M. and Berryere, T.G. (2007). Genes affecting coat colour and pattern in domestic dogs: a review. Animal Genet. 38, 539-549.

2308. Schober, J.M. (2007). The neurophysiology of sexual arousal. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 21, 445-461.

2309. Schoenemann, P.T. (2006). Evolution of the size and functional areas of the human brain. Annu. Rev. Anthrop. 35, 379-406.

2310. Schoeninger, M.J., Bunn, H.T., Murray, S., Pickering, T., and Moore, J. (2001). Meat-eating by the fourth African ape. In "Meat-eating and Human Evolution", (C.B. Stanford and H.T. Bunn, eds.). Oxford Univ. Pr.: New York, pp. 179-195.

2311. Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R., and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). "Larsen's Human Embryology." 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, Pa.

2312. Schoenwolf, G.C. and Smith, J.L. (1990). Mechanisms of neurulation: traditional viewpoint and recent advances. Development 109, 243-270.

2313. Schorpp, M., Schlake, T., Kreamalmeyer, D., Allen, P.M., and Boehm, T. (2000). Genetically separable determinants of hair keratin gene expression. Dev. Dynamics 218, 537-543.

2314. Schouwey, K. and Beermann, F. (2008). The Notch pathway: hair graying and pigment cell homeostasis. Histol. Histopathol. 23, 609-619.

2315. Schreiber, A.M. (2006). Asymmetric craniofacial remodeling and lateralized behavior in larval flatfish. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 610-621.

2316. Schubert, M., Holland, N.D., Laudet, V., and Holland, L.Z. (2006). A retinoic acid-Hox hierarchy controls both anterior/posterior patterning and neuronal specification in the developing central nervous system of the cephalochordate amphioxus. Dev. Biol. 296, 190-202.

2317. Schultz, A.H. (1926). Fetal growth of man and other primates. Q. Rev. Biol. 1, 465-521.

2318. Schultz, A.H. (1948). The number of young at a birth and the number of nipples in primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 6 N.S., 1-23.

2319. Schultz, A.H. (1949). Ontogenetic specializations of man. Archiv. Julius Klaus-Stiftung 24, 197-216.

2320. Schultz, A.H. (1949). Sex differences in the pelves of primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 7 (N.S.), 401-423.

2321. Schultz, A.H. (1950). The physical distinctions of man. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 94, 428-449.

2322. Schuraytz, B.C., Lindstrom, D.J., Marin, L.E., Martinez, R.R., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Sharpton, V.L., and Wentworth, S.J. (1996). Iridium metal in Chicxulub impact melt: forensic chemistry on the K-T smoking gun. Science 271, 1573-1576.

2323. Schwarz, M., Cecconi, F., Bernier, G., Andrejewski, N., Kammandel, B., Wagner, M., and Gruss, P. (2000). Spatial specification of mammalian eye territories by reciprocal transcriptional repression of Pax2 and Pax6. Development 127, 4325-4334.

2324. Schweickert, A., Campione, M., Steinbeisser, H., and Blum, M. (2000). Pitx2 isoforms: involvement of Pitx2c but not Pitx2a or Pitx2b in vertebrate left-right asymmetry. Mechs. Dev. 90, 41-51.

2325. Schwenk, K. and Wagner, G.P. (2004). The relativism of constraints on phenotypic evolution. In "Phenotypic Integration. Studying the Ecology and Evolution of Complex Phenotypes.", (M. Pigliucci and K. Preston, eds.). Oxford Univ. Pr.: New York, pp. 390-408.

2326. Scotese, C.R. (2004). A continental drift flipbook. J. Geology 112, 729-741.

2327. Searle, J.R. (2000). Consciousness. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 557-578.

2328. Sears, K.E., Behringer, R.R., Rasweiler, J.J., IV, and Niswander, L.A. (2006). Development of bat flight: morphologic and molecular evolution of bat wing digits. PNAS 103 #17, 6581-6586.

2329. Sebastian, C., Burnett, S., and Blakemore, S.-J. (2008). Development of the self-concept during adolescence. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 441-446.

2330. Seehausen, O., Terai, Y., Magalhaes, I.S., Carleton, K.L., Mrosso, H.D.J., Miyagi, R., van der Sluijs, I., Schneider, M.V., Maan, M.E., Tachida, H., Imai, H., and Okada, N. (2008). Speciation through sensory drive in cichlid fish. Nature 455, 620-626.

2331. Seeley, R.R., Stephens, T.D., and Tate, P. (2003). "Anatomy & Physiology." 6th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.

2332. Seifert, A.W., Harfe, B.D., and Cohn, M.J. (2008). Cell lineage analysis demonstrates an endodermal origin of the distal urethra and perineum. Dev. Biol. 318, 143-152.

2333. Sekido, R. and Lovell-Badge, R. (2008). Sex determination involves synergistic action of SRY and SF1 on a specific Sox9 enhancer. Nature 453, 930-934.

2334. Sellen, D.W. (2006). Lactation, complementary feeding, and human life history. In "The Evolution of Human Life History", (K. Hawkes and R.R. Paine, eds.). School of Amer. Res. Pr.: Santa Fe, New Mexico, pp. 155-196.

2335. Sen, S., Esen, U.I., and Sturgiss, S.N. (2002). Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) syndrome. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 56, 818-819.

2336. Senju, A. and Csibra, G. (2008). Gaze following in human infants depends on communicative signals. Curr. Biol. 18, 668-671.

2337. Sereno, M.I. and Tootell, R.B.H. (2005). From monkeys to humans: what do we now know about brain homologies? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 135-144.

2338. Serna, E., Gorab, E., Ruiz, M.F., Goday, C., Eirín-López, J.M., and Sánchez, L. (2004). The gene Sex-lethal of the Sciaridae family (Order Diptera, Suborder Nematocera) and its phylogeny in dipteran insects. Genetics 168, 907-921.

2339. Sessions, S.K., Franssen, R.A., and Horner, V.L. (1999). Morphological clues from multilegged frogs: are retinoids to blame? Science 284, 800-802.

2340. Sessions, S.K. and Ruth, S.B. (1990). Explanation for naturally occurring supernumerary limbs in amphibians. J. Exp. Zool. 254, 38-47.

2341. Shah, M.M., Sampogna, R.V., Sakurai, H., Bush, K.T., and Nigam, S.K. (2004). Branching morphogenesis and kidney disease. Development 131, 1449-1462.

2342. Shah, N.M., Pisapia, D.J., Maniatis, S., Mendelsohn, M.M., Nemes, A., and Axel, R. (2004). Visualizing sexual dimorphism in the brain. Neuron 43, 313-319.

2343. Shang, J., Luo, Y., and Clayton, D.A. (1997). Backfoot is a novel homeobox gene expressed in the mesenchyme of developing hind limb. Dev. Dynamics 209, 242-253.

2344. Shapiro, M.D., Bell, M.A., and Kingsley, D.M. (2006). Parallel genetic origins of pelvic reduction in vertebrates. PNAS 103 #37, 13753-13758.

2345. Shapiro, M.D., Shubin, N.H., and Downs, J.P. (2007). Limb diversity and digit reduction in reptilian evolution. In "Fins Into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation", (B.K. Hall, ed.). Univ. Chicago Pr.: Chicago, Ill., pp. 225-244.

2346. Sharpe, P.T. (1995). Homeobox genes and orofacial development. Connect. Tissue Res. 32, 17-25.

2347. Shaut, C.A., Saneyoshi, C., Morgan, E.A., Knosp, W.M., Sexton, D.R., and Stadler, H.S. (2007). HOXA13 directly regulates EphA6 and EphA7 expression in the genital tubercle vascular endothelia. Dev. Dynamics 236, 951-960.

2348. Shea, B.T. and Bailey, R.C. (1996). Allometry and adaptation of body proportions and stature in African pygmies. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 100, 311-340.

2349. Shea, B.T. and Gomez, A.M. (1988). Tooth scaling and evolutionary dwarfism: an investigation of allometry in human pygmies. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 77, 117-132.

2350. Shekhawat, D.S., Jangir, O.P., Prakash, A., and Pawan, S. (2001). Lens regeneration in mice under the influence of vitamin A. J. Biosci. 26, 571-576.

2351. Shelby, J.A., Madewell, R., and Moczek, A.P. (2007). Juvenile hormone mediates sexual dimorphism in horned beetles. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B, 417-427.

2352. Shen, M.M. (2007). Nodal signaling: developmental roles and regulation. Development 134, 1023-1034.

2353. Shepard, P. (1973). "The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game." Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

2354. Sherman, P.W. (1998). The evolution of menopause. Nature 392, 759-761.

2355. Sherman, P.W., Braude, S., and Jarvis, J.U.M. (1999). Litter sizes and mammary numbers of naked mole-rats: Breaking the one-half rule. J. Mammalogy 80, 720-733.

2356. Shermer, M. (2004). The major unsolved problem in biology. Sci. Am. 290 #3, 103-105.

2357. Shermer, M. (2008). Wag the dog. Sci. Am. 298 #4, 44.

2358. Sherwood, C.C. (2005). Comparative anatomy of the facial motor nucleus in mammals, with an analysis of neuron numbers in primates. Anat. Rec. 287A, 1067-1079.

2359. Sherwood, C.C., Hof, P.R., Holloway, R.L., Semendeferi, K., Gannon, P.J., Frahm, H.D., and Zilles, K. (2005). Evolution of the brainstem orofacial motor system in primates: a comparative study of trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei. J. Human Evol. 48, 45-84.

2360. Sherwood, C.C., Holloway, R.L., Gannon, P.J., Semendeferi, K., Erwin, J.M., Zilles, K., and Hof, P.R. (2003). Neuroanatomical basis of facial expression in monkeys, apes, and humans. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1000, 99-103.

2361. Sherwood, N.M., Adams, B.A., and Tello, J.A. (2005). Endocrinology of protochordates. Can. J. Zool. 83, 225-255.

2362. Sheth, R., Bastida, M.F., and Ros, M. (2007). Hoxd and Gli3 interactions modulate digit number in the amniote limb. Dev. Biol. 310, 430-441.

2363. Shibazaki, Y., Shimizu, M., and Kuroda, R. (2004). Body handedness is directed by genetically determined cytoskeletal dynamics in the early embryo. Curr. Biol. 14, 1462-1467.

2364. Shigetani, Y., Sugahara, F., and Kuratani, S. (2005). A new evolutionary scenario for the vertebrate jaw. BioEssays 27, 331-338.

2365. Shimeld, S.M. and Holland, N.D. (2005). Amphioxus molecular biology: insights into vertebrate evolution and developmental mechanisms. Can. J. Zool. 83, 90-100.

2366. Shimeld, S.M. and Holland, P.W.H. (2000). Vertebrate innovations. PNAS 97 #9, 4449-4452.

2367. Shimeld, S.M. and Levin, M. (2006). Evidence for the regulation of left-right asymmetry in Ciona intestinalis by ion flux. Dev. Dynamics 235, 1543-1553.

2368. Shimeld, S.M., Purkiss, A.G., Dirks, R.P.H., Bateman, O.A., Slingsby, C., and Lubsen, N.H. (2005). Urochordate -crystallin and the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate eye lens. Curr. Biol. 15, 1684-1689.

2369. Shine, R. (1988). The evolution of larger body size in females: a critique of Darwin's "fecundity advantage" model. Am. Nat. 131, 124-131.

2370. Shine, R. (1989). Ecological causes for the evolution of sexual dimorphism: a review of the evidence. Q. Rev. Biol. 64, 419-461.

2371. Shiomi, N., Cui, X.-M., Yamamoto, T., Saito, T., and Shuler, C.F. (2006). Inhibition of Smad2 expression prevents murine palatal fusion. Dev. Dynamics 235, 1785-1793.

2372. Shiota, K., Yamada, S., Komada, M., and Ishibashi, M. (2007). Embryogenesis of holoprosencephaly. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 143A, 3079-3087.

2373. Shipman, P. (2008). Freed to fly again. Am. Sci. 96, 20-23.

2374. Shipman, P., Walker, A., and Bichell, D. (1985). "The Human Skeleton." Harvard Univ. Pr., Cambridge, Mass.

2375. Shirangi, T.R. and McKeown, M. (2007). Sex in flies: What 'body-mind' dichotomy? Dev. Biol. 306, 10-19.

2376. Shiratori, H. and Hamada, H. (2006). The left-right axis in the mouse: from origin to morphology. Development 133, 2095-2104.

2377. Shiratori, H., Sakuma, R., Watanabe, M., Hashiguchi, H., Mochida, K., Sakai, Y., Nishino, J., Saijoh, Y., Whitman, M., and Hamada, H. (2001). Two-step regulation of left-right asymmetric expression of Pitx2: initiation by Nodal signaling and maintenance by Nkx2. Molec. Cell 7, 137-149.

2378. Shiratori, H., Yashiro, K., Shen, M.M., and Hamada, H. (2006). Conserved regulation and role of Pitx2 in situs-specific morphogenesis of visceral organs. Development 133, 3015-3025.

2379. Sholtis, S. and Weiss, K.M. (2005). Phenogenetics: genotypes, phenotypes, and variation. In "Variation: A Central Concept in Biology", (B. Hallgrímsson and B.K. Hall, eds.). Elsevier Acad. Pr.: New York, pp. 499-523.

2380. Shook, D.R. and Keller, R. (2008). Morphogenic machines evolve more rapidly than the signals that pattern them: lessons from amphibians. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310, 111-135.

2381. Short, R.V. (1979). Sexual selection and its component parts, somatic and genital selection, as illustrated by man and the great apes. Adv. Study Behav. 9, 131-158.

2382. Shou, S., Scott, V., Reed, C., Hitzemann, R., and Stadler, H.S. (2005). Transcriptome analysis of the murine forelimb and hindlimb autopod. Dev. Dynamics 234, 74-89.

2383. Shubin, N. (2008). Fish out of water. Nat. Hist. 117 #1, 26-31.

2384. Shubin, N. (2008). "Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body." Pantheon Books, New York.

2385. Sibinski, M. and Snyder, M. (2007). Obstetric brachial plexus palsy--risk factors and predictors. Ortop. Traumatol. Rehabil. 9, 569-576.

2386. Siegel, J.M. (2000). Narcolepsy. Sci. Am. 282 #1, 76-81.

2387. Siegel, J.M. (2001). The REM sleep-memory consolidation hypothesis. Science 294, 1058-1063.

2388. Siegel, J.M. (2003). Why we sleep. Sci. Am. 289 #5, 92-97.

2389. Siegel, J.M. (2008). Do all animals sleep? Trends Neurosci. 31, 208-213.

2390. Siegel, J.M., Manger, P.R., Nienhuis, R., Fahringer, H.M., and Pettigrew, J.D. (1996). The echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus combines REM and non-REM aspects in a single sleep state: implications for the evolution of sleep. J. Neurosci. 16, 3500-3506.

2391. Siegel, J.M., Manger, P.R., Nienhuis, R., Fahringer, H.M., and Pettigrew, J.D. (1998). Monotremes and the evolution of rapid eye movement sleep. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 353, 1147-1157.

2392. Siegel, J.M., Manger, P.R., Nienhuis, R., Fahringer, H.M., Shalita, T., and Pettigrew, J.D. (1999). Sleep in the platypus. Neuroscience 91, 391-400.

2393. Siegel, R.M. and Callaway, E.M. (2004). Francis Crick's legacy for neuroscience: between the  and the . PLoS Biol. 2 #12, 2029-2032.

2394. Sikela, J.M. (2006). The jewels of our genome: the search for the genomic changes underlying the evolutionarily unique capacities of the human brain. PLoS Genetics 2 #5, 646-655 (e80).

2395. Sikes, J.M. and Bely, A.E. (2008). Radical modification of the A-P axis and the evolution of asexual reproduction in Convolutriloba acoels. Evol. Dev. 10, 619-631.

2396. Sikes, N.E. (1999). Plio-Pleistocene floral context and habitat preferences of sympatric hominid species in East Africa. In "African Biogeography, Climate Change, and Human Evolution", (T.G. Bromage and F. Schrenk, eds.). Oxford Univ. Pr.: New York, pp. 301-315.

2397. Sillitoe, R.V. and Joyner, A.L. (2007). Morphology, molecular codes, and circuitry produce the three-dimensional complexity of the cerebellum. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 23, 549-577.

2398. Silver, S.J. and Rebay, I. (2005). Signaling circuitries in development: insights from the retinal determination gene network. Development 132, 3-13.

2399. Silverman, H.B. and Dunbar, M.J. (1980). Aggressive tusk use by the narwhal (Monodon monocerous L.). Nature 284, 57-58.

2400. Simőes, P., Santos, J., Fragata, I., Mueller, L.D., Rose, M.R., and Matos, M. (2008). How repeatable is adaptive evolution? The role of geographical origin and founder effects in laboratory adaptation. Evolution 62, 1817-1829.

2401. Simőes-Costa, M.S., Azambuja, A.P., and Xavier-Neto, J. (2008). The search for non-chordate retinoic acid signaling: lessons from chordates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B, 54-72.

2402. Simőes-Costa, M.S., Vasconcelos, M., Sampaio, A.C., Cravo, R.M., Linhares, V.L., Hochgreb, T., Yan, C.Y.I., Davidson, B., and Xavier-Neto, J. (2005). The evolutionary origin of cardiac chambers. Dev. Biol. 277, 1-15.

2403. Sinclair, A., Smith, C., Western, P., and McClive, P. (2002). A comparative analysis of vertebrate sex determination. In "The Genetics and Biology of Sex Determination", Novartis Found. Symp. 244, (D. Chadwick and J. Goode, eds.). Wiley & Sons: New York, pp. 102-114.

2404. Sinclair, R. (1998). Male pattern androgenetic alopecia. BMJ 317, 865-869.

2405. Sinclair, R. (2007). Female pattern hair loss, dandruff and greying of hair in twins. J. Investig. Dermatol. 127, 2680.

2406. Skaer, N. and Simpson, P. (2000). Genetic analysis of bristle loss in hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans provides evidence for divergence of cis-regulatory sequences in the achaete-scute gene complex. Dev. Biol. 221, 148-167.

2407. Slack, J.M.W. (1985). Homoeotic transformations in man: implications for the mechanism of embryonic development and for the organization of epithelia. J. Theor. Biol. 114, 463-490.

2408. Slack, J.M.W. (1994). The whys and wherefores of gastrulation. Sems. Dev. Biol. 5, 69-76.

2409. Slack, J.M.W. (1995). Growth factor lends a hand. Nature 374, 217-218.

2410. Slack, J.M.W. (2002). Conrad Hal Waddington: the last Renaissance biologist? Nature Rev. Genet. 3, 889-895.

2411. Slager, U.T., Anderson, V.M., and Handmaker, S.D. (1981). Cephalothoracopagus janiceps malformation. Arch. Neurol. 38, 103-108.

2412. Slijper, E.J. (1962). "Whales." Hutchinson, London.

2413. Slingerland, E. (2008). "What Science Offers the Humanities." Cambridge Univ. Pr., New York.

2414. Smale, S.T. (2001). Core promoters: active contributors to combinatorial gene regulation. Genes Dev. 15, 2503-2508.

2415. Smith, A.B. (2008). Deuterostomes in a twist: the origins of a radical new body plan. Evol. Dev. 10, 493-503.

2416. Smith, H. (1991). Dental development and the evolution of life history in Hominidae. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 86, 157-174.

2417. Smith, H.M. (1960). "Evolution of Chordate Structure: An Introduction to Comparative Anatomy." Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York.

2418. Smith, J.J. and Voss, S.R. (2007). Bird and mammal sex-chromosome orthologs map to the same autosomal region in a salamander (Ambystoma). Genetics 177, 607-613.

2419. Smith, K.K. and Kier, W.M. (1989). Trunks, tongues, and tentacles: moving with skeletons of muscle. Am. Sci. 77, 29-35.

2420. Smith, K.K. and Schneider, R.A. (1998). Have gene knockouts caused evolutionary reversals in the mammalian first arch? BioEssays 20, 245-255.

2421. Smith, R.J. (1980). Rethinking allometry. J. Theor. Biol. 87, 97-111.

2422. Sniegowski, P.D. and Murphy, H.A. (2006). Evolvability. Curr. Biol. 16, R831-R834.

2423. Snyder, A. (2001). Paradox of the savant mind. Nature 413, 251-252.

2424. Solé, R.V. and Valverde, S. (2006). Are network motifs the spandrels of cellular complexity? Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 419-422.

2425. Solounias, N. (1999). The remarkable anatomy of the giraffe's neck. J. Zool. 247, 257-268.

2426. Soltis, J. (2004). The signal functions of early infant crying. Behav. Brain Sci. 27, 443-490.

2427. Soukup, V., Epperlein, H.-H., Horácek, I., and Cerny, R. (2008). Dual epithelial origin of vertebrate oral teeth. Nature 455, 795-798.

2428. Spector, T.D. (2007). The pleasure principle. Nature 445, 822.

2429. Spéder, P., Ádám, G., and Noselli, S. (2006). Type ID unconventional myosin controls left-right asymmetry in Drosophila. Nature 440, 803-807.

2430. Spéder, P., Petzoldt, A., Suzanne, M., and Noselli, S. (2007). Strategies to establish left/right asymmetry in vertebrates and invertebrates. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 17, 351-358.

2431. Speert, H. (1942). Supernumerary mammae, with special reference to the Rhesus monkey. Q. Rev. Biol. 17, 59-68.

2432. Spemann, H. (1938). "Embryonic Development and Induction." Yale Univ. Pr., New Haven.

2433. Spencer, R. (2000). Theoretical and analytical embryology of conjoined twins. Part I. Embryogenesis. Clin. Anat. 13, 36-53.

2434. Spencer, R. (2001). Parasitic conjoined twins: external, internal (fetuses in fetu and teratomas), and detached (acardiacs). Clin. Anat. 14, 428-444.

2435. Spencer, R. (2003). "Conjoined Twins: Developmental Malformations and Clinical Implications." Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., Baltimore, Maryland.

2436. Sperber, G.H. and Machin, G.A. (1987). Microscopic study of midline determinants in Janiceps twins. Birth Defects Orig. Article Ser. 23 #1, 243-275.

2437. Spieth, H.T. (1968). Evolutionary implications of the mating behavior of the species of Antopocerus (Drosophilidae) in Hawaii. In "Studies in Genetics. IV. Research Reports.", Vol. 4 (Pub. #6818) (M.R. Wheeler, ed.). Univ. Texas Pr.: Austin, Texas, pp. 319-333.

2438. Spieth, H.T. (1974). Courtship behavior in Drosophila. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 19, 385-405.

2439. Spinka, M., Newberry, R.C., and Bekoff, M. (2001). Mammalian play: training for the unexpected. Q. Rev. Biol. 76, 141-168.

2440. Spitz, L. (1996). Conjoined twins. Brit. J. Surg. 83, 1028-1030.

2441. Spoon, J.M. (2001). Situs inversus totalis. Neonatal Netw. 20, 59-63.

2442. Spors, H. and Sobel, N. (2007). Male behavior by knockout. Neuron 55, 689-693.

2443. Spradling, A., Ganetsky, B., Hieter, P., Johnston, M., Olson, M., Orr-Weaver, T., Rossant, J., Sanchez, A., and Waterston, R. (2006). New roles for model genetic organisms in understanding and treating human disease: report from the 2006 Genetics Society of America meeting. Genetics 172, 2025-2032.

2444. Sprague, G.F., Jr. (1990). Combinatorial associations of regulatory proteins and the control of cell type in yeast. Adv. Genet. 27, 33-62.

2445. Springer, K., Brown, M., and Stulberg, D.L. (2003). Common hair loss disorders. Am. Fam. Phys. 68, 93-102.

2446. Springer, M.S., Kirsch, J.A.W., and Case, J.A. (1997). The chronicle of marsupial evolution. In "Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation", (T.J. Givnish and K.J. Sytsma, eds.). Cambridge Univ. Pr.: New York, pp. 129-157.

2447. Spritz, R.A. and Hearing, V.J., Jr. (1994). Genetic disorders of pigmentation. Adv. Hum. Gen. 22, 1-45.

2448. Spudich, J.A. (2008). Molecular motors: A surprising twist in myosin VI translocation. Curr. Biol. 18, R68-R70.

2449. Spudich, J.L., Yang, C.-S., Jung, K.-H., and Spudich, E.N. (2000). Retinylidene proteins: structures and functions from archaea to humans. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16, 365-392.

2450. Sridharan, D., Levitin, D.J., Chafe, C.H., Berger, J., and Menon, V. (2007). Neural dynamics of event segmentation in music: converging evidence for dissociable ventral and dorsal networks. Neuron 55, 521-532.

2451. Srinivasan, M. and Ruina, A. (2006). Computer optimization of a minimal biped model discovers walking and running. Nature 439, 72-75. [See also Pontzer, H., Raichlen, D.A., and Sockol, M.D. (2009). The metabolic cost of walking in humans, chimpanzees, and early hominins. J. Human Evol. 56, 43-54.]

2452. Srinivasan, M.V. (1999). When one eye is better than two. Nature 399, 305-307.

2453. Srivastava, D. (2006). Making or breaking the heart: from lineage determination to morphogenesis. Cell 126, 1037-1048.

2454. Srivastava, S. and Srivastava, C.B.L. (1998). Occurrence of third eye (Pineal Eye) in a living fish (Tachysurus sona). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India 68, 241-245.

2455. Stanford, C. (1999). "The Hunting Apes: Meat Eating and the Origins of Human Behavior." Princeton Univ. Pr., Princeton, N. J.

2456. Stanford, C. (2003). "Upright: The Evolutionary Key to Becoming Human." Houghton Mifflin, New York.

2457. Stanford, C.B. (2001). A comparison of social meat-foraging by chimpanzees and human foragers. In "Meat-eating and Human Evolution", (C.B. Stanford and H.T. Bunn, eds.). Oxford Univ. Pr.: New York, pp. 122-140.

2458. Stanford, C.B. and Allen, J.S. (1991). On strategic storytelling: current models of human behavioral evolution. Curr. Anthrop. 32, 58-61.

2459. Staunton, H. (2005). Mammalian sleep. Naturwissenschaften 92, 203-220.

2460. Stebbins, G.L. (1974). Adaptive shifts and evolutionary novelty: a compositionist approach. In "Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems", (F.J. Ayala and T. Dobzhansky, eds.). Univ. Calif. Pr.: Berkeley, Calif., pp. 285-306.

2461. Stebbins, G.L. (1983). Mosaic evolution: an integrating principle for the modern synthesis. Experientia 39, 823-834.

2462. Stein, R.C. (1973). Sound production in vertebrates: summary and prospectus. Amer. Zool. 13, 1249-1255.

2463. Steklis, H.D. and Whiteman, C.H. (1989). Loss of estrus in human evolution: too many answers, too few questions. Ethol. Sociobiol. 10, 417-434.

2464. Stent, G.S. (1977). Explicit and implicit semantic content of the genetic information. In "Foundational Problems in the Special Sciences", (R. Butts and J. Hintikka, eds.). D. Reidel: Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 131-149.

2465. Stent, G.S. (1978). Genes and the embryo. In "Paradoxes of Progress", (G.S. Stent, ed.). W. H. Freeman: San Francisco, pp. 169-189.

2466. Stent, G.S. (2002). "Paradoxes of Free Will." Am. Philos. Soc., Philadelphia, Penn.

2467. Stern, C. (1941). The growth of testes in Drosophila. I. The relation between vas deferens and testis within various species. J. Exp. Zool. 87, 113-158.

2468. Stern, C. (1941). The growth of testes in Drosophila. II. The nature of interspecific differences. J. Exp. Zool. 87, 159-180.

2469. Stern, C. (1968). "Genetic Mosaics and Other Essays." Harvard Univ. Pr., Cambridge, Mass.

2470. Stern, C. (1973). "Principles of Human Genetics." 3rd ed. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.

2471. Stern, C., Centerwall, W.R., and Sarkar, S.S. (1964). New data on the problem of Y-linkage of hairy pinnae. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 16, 455-471.

2472. Stern, C.D. (1990). Two distinct mechanisms for segmentation? Sems. Dev. Biol. 1, 109-116.

2473. Stern, C.D. (2006). Evolution of the mechanisms that establish the embryonic axes. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 16, 413-418.

2474. Stern, D. (2006). Morphing into shape. Science 313, 50-51.

2475. Stern, D.L. (2000). Evolutionary developmental biology and the problem of variation. Evolution 54, 1079-1091.

2476. Stern, D.L. (2000). The problem of variation. Nature 408, 529-531.

2477. Stern, D.L. and Emlen, D.J. (1999). The developmental basis for allometry in insects. Development 126, 1091-1101.

2478. Stern, D.L. and Orgogozo, V. (2008). The loci of evolution: how predictable is genetic evolution? Evolution 62, 2155-2177.

2479. Stevens, C.A. and Qumsiyeh, M.B. (1995). Syndromal frontonasal dysostosis in a child with a complex translocation involving chromosomes 3, 7, and 11. Am. J. Med. Genet. 55, 494-497.

2480. Stevens, C.F. (2005). Crick and the claustrum. Nature 435, 1040-1041.

2481. Stewart, L. and Walsh, V. (2007). Music perception: sounds lost in space. Curr. Biol. 17, R892-R893.

2482. Stiassny, M.L.J. (2003). Atavism. In "Keywords and Concepts in Evolutionary Developmental Biology", (B.K. Hall and W.M. Olson, eds.). Harvard Univ. Pr.: Cambridge, Mass., pp. 10-14.

2483. Stickgold, R. (2008). Sleep: The Ebb and flow of memory consolidation. Curr. Biol. 18, R423-R425.

2484. Stigler, S.M. (1995). Galton and identification by fingerprints. Genetics 140, 857-860.

2485. Stiner, M.C. (2002). Carnivory, coevolution, and the geographic spread of the genus Homo. J. Archaeol. Res. 10, 1-63.

2486. Stock, D.W. (2001). The genetic basis of modularity in the development and evolution of the vertebrate dentition. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 356, 1633-1653.

2487. Stock, D.W. (2005). The Dlx gene complement of the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, resembles that of mammals: implications for genomic and morphological evolution of jawed vertebrates. Genetics 169, 807-817.

2488. Stock, D.W., Weiss, K.M., and Zhao, Z. (1997). Patterning of the mammalian dentition in development and evolution. BioEssays 19, 481-490.

2489. Stock, G.B. and Bryant, S.V. (1981). Studies of digit regeneration and their implications for theories of development and evolution of vertebrate limbs. J. Exp. Zool. 216, 423-433.

2490. Stockard, C.R. (1941). "The Genetic and Endocrinic Basis for Differences in Form and Behavior." Amer. Anat. Memoirs, No. 19, Wistar Inst. Anat. Biol., Philadelphia, Penn.

2491. Stocum, D.L. (2004). "Tissue Restoration Through Regenerative Biology and Medicine." Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 176, Springer, New York.

2492. Stoick-Cooper, C.L., Moon, R.T., and Weidinger, G. (2007). Advances in signaling in vertebrate regeneration as a prelude to regenerative medicine. Genes Dev. 21, 1292-1315.

2493. Stokstad, E. (2004). Controversial fossil could shed light on early animals' blueprint. Science 304, 1425.

2494. Stollewerk, A. (2008). Evolution of neurogenesis in arthropods. In "Evolving Pathways: Key Themes in Evolutionary Developmental Biology", (A. Minelli and G. Fusco, eds.). Cambridge Univ. Pr.: New York, pp. 359-380.

2495. Stollewerk, A. and Simpson, P. (2005). Evolution of early development of the nervous system: a comparison between arthropods. BioEssays 27, 874-883.

2496. Stoltzfus, A. (2006). Mutationism and the dual causation of evolutionary change. Evol. Dev. 8, 304-317.

2497. Stone, G. and French, V. (2003). Evolution: Have wings come, gone and come again? Curr. Biol. 13, R436-R438.

2498. Stone, J.R. (1995). CerioShell: a computer program designed to simulate variation in shell form. Paleobiology 21, 509-519.

2499. Stone, J.R. (1996). Computer-simulated shell size and shape variation in the Caribbean land snail genus Cerion: a test of geometrical constraints. Evolution 50, 341-347.

2500. Stone, J.R. and Hall, B.K. (2004). Latent homologues for the neural crest as an evolutionary novelty. Evol. Dev. 6, 123-129.

2501. Stone, J.R. and Wray, G.A. (2001). Rapid evolution of cis-regulatory sequences via local point mutations. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 1764-1770.

2502. Stone, M., Epstein, M.A., and Iskarous, K. (2004). Functional segments in tongue movements. Clin. Linguist. Phon. 18, 507-521.

2503. Stopper, G.F. and Wagner, G.P. (2005). Of chicken wings and frog legs: a smorgasbord of evolutionary variation in mechanisms of tetrapod limb development. Dev. Biol. 288, 21-39.

2504. Stopper, G.F. and Wagner, G.P. (2007). Inhibition of Sonic hedgehog signaling leads to posterior digit loss in Ambystoma mexicanum: parallels to natural digit reduction in urodeles. Dev. Dynamics 236, 321-331.

2505. Storey, K.B. and Storey, J.M. (1990). Metabolic rate depression and biochemical adaptation in anaerobiosis, hibernation and estivation. Q. Rev. Biol. 65, 145-174.

2506. Stothard, P. and Pilgrim, D. (2003). Sex-determination gene and pathway evolution in nematodes. BioEssays 25, 221-231.

2507. Stott, R. (2003). "Darwin and the Barnacle: The Story of One Tiny Creature and History's Most Spectacular Scientific Breakthrough." W. W. Norton, New York.

2508. Stramer, B. and Martin, P. (2005). Cell biology: Master regulators of sealing and healing. Curr. Biol. 15, R425-R427.

2509. Strand, A.D., Aragaki, A.K., Baquet, Z.C., Hodges, A., Cunningham, P., Holmans, P., Jones, K.R., Jones, L., Kooperberg, C., and Olson, J.M. (2007). Conservation of regional gene expression in mouse and human brain. PLoS Genet. 3 #4, 572-583 (e59).

2510. Strand, M.R. and Grbic, M. (1997). The development and evolution of polyembryonic insects. Curr. Topics Dev. Biol. 35, 121-159.

2511. Strathmann, R.R. (1995). Peculiar constraints on life histories imposed by protective or nutritive devices for embryos. Amer. Zool. 35, 426-433.

2512. Straus, W.L., Jr. (1926). The nature and inheritance of webbed toes in man. J. Morph. 41, 427-439.

2513. Streit, A. (2001). Origin of the vertebrate inner ear: evolution and induction of the otic placode. J. Anat. 199, 99-103.

2514. Striedter, G. (2001). Brain evolution: How constrained is it? Behav. Brain Sci. 24 #2, 296--297.

2515. Striedter, G.F. (2005). "Principles of Brain Evolution." Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.

2516. Striedter, G.F. (2006). Précis of Principles of Brain Evolution. Behav. Brain Sci. 29, 1-36.

2517. Struhl, K. (1999). Fundamentally different logic of gene regulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Cell 98, 1-4.

2518. Strutt, D. (2008). The planar polarity pathway. Curr. Biol. 18, R898-R902.

2519. Stryker, M.P. (1994). Precise development from imprecise rules. Science 263, 1244-1245.

2520. Sturtevant, A.H. (1923). Inheritance of direction of coiling in Limnaea. Science 58, 269-270.

2521. Su, C.-Y., Luo, D.-G., Terakita, A., Shichida, Y., Liao, H.-W., Kazmi, M.A., Sakmar, T.P., and Yau, K.-W. (2006). Parietal-eye phototransduction components and their potential evolutionary implications. Science 311, 1617-1621.

2522. Sugimoto, M., Tan, S.-S., and Takagi, N. (2000). X chromosome inactivation revealed by the X-linked lacZ transgene activity in periimplantation mouse embryos. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44, 177-182.

2523. Suh, Y., Atzmon, G., Cho, M.-O., Hwang, D., Liu, B., Leahy, D.J., Barzilai, N., and Cohen, P. (2008). Functionally significant insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor mutations in centenarians. PNAS 105 #9, 3438-3442.

2524. Sui, H. and Downing, K.H. (2006). Molecular architecture of axonemal microtubule doublets revealed by cryo-electron tomography. Nature 442, 475-478.

2525. Sultan, S.E. and Stearns, S.C. (2005). Environmentally contingent variation: phenotypic plasiticity and norms of reaction. In "Variation: A Central Concept in Biology", (B. Hallgrímsson and B.K. Hall, eds.). Elsevier Acad. Pr.: New York, pp. 303-332.

2526. Summerbell, D. (1976). A descriptive study of the rate of elongation and differentiation of the skeleton of the developing chick wing. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 35, 241-260.

2527. Summers, A. (2003). Monitor marathons. Nat. Hist. 112 #5, 32-33.

2528. Sun, Y.-G. (2007). A gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mediates the itch sensation in the spinal cord. Nature 448, 700-703.

2529. Supp, D.M., Potter, S.S., and Brueckner, M. (2000). Molecular motors: the driving force behind mammalian left-right development. Trends Cell Biol. 10, 41-45.

2530. Susman, R.L. (1983). Evolution of the human foot: evidence from Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Foot Ankle 3, 365-376.

2531. Sutherland, W.J. (2005). The best solution. Nature 435, 569.

2532. Suthers, R.A. (1994). Variable asymmetry and resonance in the avian vocal tract: a structural basis for individually distinct vocalizations. J. Comp. Physiol. A 175, 457-466.

2533. Sutter, N.B., Bustamante, C.D., Chase, K., Gray, M.M., Zhao, K., Zhu, L., Padhukasahasram, B., Karlins, E., Davis, S., Jones, P.G., Quignon, P., Johnson, G.S., Parker, H.G., Fretwell, N., Mosher, D.S., Lawler, D.F., Satyaraj, E., Nordborg, M., Lark, K.G., Wayne, R.K., and Ostrander, E.A. (2007). A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs. Science 316, 112-115.

2534. Suzuki, T., Hasso, S.M., and Fallon, J.F. (2008). Unique SMAD1/5/8 activity at the phalanx-forming region determines digit identity. PNAS 105 #11, 4185-4190.

2535. Suzuki, T., Takeuchi, J., Koshiba-Takeuchi, K., and Ogura, T. (2004). Tbx genes specify posterior digit identity through Shh and BMP signaling. Dev. Cell 6, 43-53.

2536. Swalla, B.J. (2006). Building divergent body plans with similar genetic pathways. Heredity 97, 235-243.

2537. Swami, V., Jones, J., Einon, D., and Furnham, A. (2009). Men's preferences for women's profile waist-to-hip ratio, breast size, and ethnic group in Britain and South Africa. Br. J. Psychol. In press.

2538. Sweeney, D., Lindström, N., and Davies, J.A. (2008). Developmental plasticity and regenerative capacity in the renal ureteric bud/collecting duct system. Development 135, 2505-2510.

2539. Szalay, F.S. and Dagosto, M. (1988). Evolution of hallucial grasping in the primates. J. Human Evol. 17, 1-33.

2540. Szeto, D.P., Rodriguez-Esteban, C., Ryan, A.K., O'Connell, S.M., Liu, F., Kioussi, C., Gleiberman, A.S., Izpisúa-Belmonte, J.C., and Rosenfeld, M.G. (1999). Role of the Bicoid-related homeodomain factor Pitx1 in specifying hindlimb morphogenesis and pituitary development. Genes Dev. 13, 484-494.

2541. Szmuk, P., Ezri, T., Evron, S., Roth, Y., and Katz, J. (2008). A brief history of tracheostomy and tracheal intubation, from the Bronze Age to the Space Age. Intensive Care Med. 34, 222-228.

Lewis I. Held, Jr. is Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at Texas Tech University.


© 2009 Thomas B. Brody, Ph.D.