Toll

Aliprantis, A. O., et al. (1999). Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through Toll-like receptor-2. Science 285(5428): 736-9.

Anderson, K.V., Jürgens, G. and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1985). Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo: genetic studies on the role of the Toll gene product. Cell 42: 779-789

Armstrong, N. J., et al. (1998). Conserved Spatzle/Toll signaling in dorsoventral patterning of Xenopus embryos. Mech. Dev. 71(1-2): 99-105.

Biemar, F., et al. (2006). Comprehensive identification of Drosophila dorsal-ventral patterning genes using a whole-genome tiling array. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103(34): 12763-8. Medline abstract: 16908844

Boutros, M., Agaisse, H. and Perrimon, N. (2002). Sequential activation of signaling pathways during innate immune responses in Drosophila. Dev. Cell 3: 711-722. 12431377

Bowman, A. B., et al. (2000). Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein. Cell 103: 583-594. 11106729

Burns, K., et al. (1998). MyD88, an adapter protein involved in interleukin-1 signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 273(20): 12203-9.

Byrd, D. T., et al. (2001). UNC-16, a JNK-signaling scaffold protein, regulates vesicle transport in C. elegans. Neuron 32: 787-800. 11738026

Charatsi, I., et al. (2002). Krapfen/dMyd88 is required for the establishment of dorsoventral pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Mech. Dev. 120: 219-226. 12559494

Chaudhary, P. M., et al. (1998). Cloning and characterization of two Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor-like genes TIL3 and TIL4: evidence for a multi-gene receptor family in humans. Blood 91(11): 4020-7.

Chen, L. Y., et al. (2006). Weckle is a zinc finger adaptor of the toll pathway in dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo. Curr. Biol. 16(12): 1183-93. Medline abstract: 16782008

Choe, K. M., Werner, T., Stoven, S., Hultmark, D. and Anderson, K. V. (2002). Requirement for a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in Relish activation and antibacterial immune responses in Drosophila. Science 296: 359-362. 11872802

Chow, J. C., et al. (1999). Toll-like receptor-4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 274(16): 10689-10692

Creton, R., Kreiling, J. A. and Jaffe, L. F. (2000). Presence and roles of calcium gradients along the dorsal-ventral axis in Drosophila embryos. Dev. Biol. 217: 375-385

Davidson, C., Tirouvanziam, R., Herzenberg, L. and Lipsick, J. (2004). Functional Evolution of the Vertebrate Myb Gene Family: B-Myb, but neither A-Myb nor c-Myb, complements Drosophila Myb in Hemocytes. Genetics 169(1): 215-29. 15489525

De Gregorio, E., et al. (2002). The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila. EMBO J. 21: 2568-2579. 12032070

Dziarski, R. (2004). Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). Mol. Immunol. 40: 877-886. 14698226

Edwards, D. N., Towb, P. and Wasserman, S. A. (1997). An activity-dependent network of interactions links the Rel protein Dorsal with its cytoplasmic regulators. Development 124(19): 3855-3864.

Eldon, E., et al. (1994). The Drosophila 18 wheeler is required for morphogenesis and has striking similarities to Toll. Development 120: 885-899

Galindo, R. L., et al. (1995). Interaction of the pelle kinase with the membrane-associated protein tube is required for transduction of the dorsoventral signal in Drosophila embryos. Development 121: 2209-2218

Garver, L. S., Wu, J. and Wu, L. P. (2006). The peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-SC1a is essential for Toll signaling and phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103(3): 660-5. 16407137

Gay, N. J., et al. (1991). A leucine-rich repeat peptide derived from the Drosophila Toll receptor forms extended filaments with a beta-sheet structure. FEBS Lett. 291 (1): 87-91.

Gillespie, S. K. and Wasserman, S. A. (1994). Dorsal, a Drosophila Rel-like protein, is phosphorylated upon activation of the transmembrane protein Toll. Mol Cell Biol 14: 3559-68

Gonzalez-Crespo, S. and Levine, M. (1994). Related target enhancers for dorsal and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. Science 264: 255-8

Guida, S., Heguy, A. and Melli, M. (1992). The chicken IL-1 receptor: differential evolution of the cytoplasmic and extracellular domains. Gene 111: 239-43

Halfon, M. S., Hashimoto, C. and Keshishian, H. (1995). The Drosophila Toll gene functions zygotically and is necessary for proper motoneuron and muscle development. Dev Biol 169: 151-167

Halfon, M. S. and Keshishian, H. (1998). The Toll pathway is required in the epidermis for muscle development in the Drosophila embryo. Dev. Biol. 199(1): 164-174.

Hashimoto, C., Hudson, K. L. and Anderson, K. V. (1988). The Toll gene of Drosophila, required for dorsal-ventral embryonic polarity, appears to encode a transmembrane protein. Cell 52: 269-79

Hashimoto, C., Gerttula, S. and Anderson, K. V. (1991). Plasma membrane localization of the Toll protein in the syncytial Drosophila embryo: importance of transmembrane signaling for dorsal-ventral pattern formation. Development 111: 1021-8

Heguy, A., et al. (1992). Amino acids conserved in interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) and the Drosophila Toll protein are essential for IL-1R signal transduction. J Biol Chem 267: 2605-9

Horng, T. and Medzhitov, R. (2001). Drosophila MyD88 is an adapter in the Toll signaling pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 12654-12658. 11606776

Horng, T., et al. (2002). The adaptor molecule TIRAP provides signalling specificity for Toll-like receptors. Nature 420: 329-333. 12447442

Hu, S. and Yang, X. (2000). dFADD, a novel death domain-containing adapter protein for the Drosophila caspase DREDD. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 30761-30764. 10934188

Hu, X., Yagi, Y., Tanji, T., Zhou, S. and Ip, Y. T. (2004). Multimerization and interaction of Toll and Spatzle in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101(25): 9369-74. 15197269

Huang, A. M., Rusch, J., and Levine, M. (1997). An anteroposterior Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo. Genes Dev. 11(15): 1963-1973.

Hultmark, D. (1994). Macrophage differentiation marker MyD88 is a member of the Toll/IL-1 receptor family. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199: 144-6

Kambris, Z., et al. (2006). Drosophila immunity: A large-scale in vivo RNAi screen identifies five serine proteases required for Toll activation. Curr. Biol. 16: 808-813. 16631589

Keith, F. J. and Gay, N. J. (1990). The Drosophila membrane receptor Toll can function to promote cellular adhesion. EMBO J. 9: 4299-306

Kirschning, C. J., et al. (1998). Human toll-like receptor 2 confers responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J. Exp. Med. 188(11): 2091-7.

Kubota, K., Keith, F. J. and Gay, N. J. (1993). Relocalization of Drosophila Dorsal protein can be induced by a rise in cytoplasmic calcium concentration and the expression of constitutively active but not wild-type Toll receptors. Biochem J 296 ( Pt 2): 497503

Kubota, K., Keith, F. J. and Gay, N. J. (1995). Wild type and constitutively activated forms of the Drosophila Toll receptor have different patterns of N-linked glycosylation. FEBS Lett 365: 83-86

Lagueux, M., et al. (2000). Constitutive expression of a complement-like protein in Toll and JAK gain-of-function mutants of Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 11427-11432.

Larrain, J., et al. (2000). BMP-binding modules in chordin: a model for signalling regulation in the extracellular space. Development 127: 821-830

Lemaitre, B., et al. (1995). Functional analysis and regulation of nuclear import of dorsal during the immune response in Drosophila. EMBO J 14: 536-545

Lemaitre, B., et al. (1996). The Dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86: 973-983

Leulier, F., Parquet, C., Pili-Floury, S., Ryu, J. H., Caroff, M., Lee, W. J., Mengin-Lecreulx, D. and Lemaitre, B. (2003). The Drosophila immune system detects bacteria through specific peptidoglycan recognition. Nat. Immunol. 4: 478-484. 12692550

Levashina, E. A., et al. (1999). Constitutive activation of Toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila. Science 285: 1917-9.

Lieberfarb, M. E., et al. (1996). Mutations that perturb poly(A)-dependent maternal mRNA activation block the initiation of development. Development 122: 579-588

Ligoxygakis, P., et al. (2002). Activation of Drosophila Toll during fungal infection by a blood serine protease. Science 297: 114-116. 12098703

Luschnig, S., et al. (2004). An F1 genetic screen for maternal-effect mutations affecting embryonic pattern formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 167: 325-342. Medline abstract: 15166158

Maxton-Kuchenmeister, J., et al. (1999). Toll homologue expression in the beetle tribolium suggests a different mode of dorsoventral patterning than in drosophila embryos. Mech. Dev. 83(1-2): 107-14.

Medzhitov, R., Preston-Hurlburt, P. and Janeway, C. A. (1997). A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 388(6640): 394-397.

Medzhitov, R., et al. (1998). MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways. Mol. Cell 2(2): 253-8.

Mellroth, P., Karlsson, J. & Steiner, H. (2003). A scavenger function for a Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 7059-7064. 12496260

Meng, X., Khanuja, B. S. and Ip, Y. T. (1999). Toll receptor-mediated Drosophila immune response requires Dif, an NF-kappaB factor. Genes Dev. 13(7): 792-797.

Matsuguchi, T., et al. (2003). JNK-interacting protein 3 associates with Toll-like receptor 4 and is involved in LPS-mediated JNK activation. EMBO J. 22: 4455-4464. 12941697

Michel, T., Reichhart, J. M., Hoffmann, J. A. and Royet, J. (2001). Drosophila Toll is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating peptidoglycan recognition protein. Nature. 414(6865): 756-9. 11742401

Mitcham, J. L., et al. (1996). T1/ST2 signaling establishes it as a member of an expanding interleukin-1 receptor family. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 5777-5783

Morisato, D. and Anderson, K. V. (1994). The spätzle gene encodes a component of the extracellular signaling pathway establishing the dorsal-ventral pattern of the Drosophila embryo. Cell 76: 677-88

Muzio M., et al. (1997). IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling. Science 278(5343): 1612-1615.

Muzio M., et al. (1998). The human toll signaling pathway: divergence of nuclear factor kappaB and JNK/SAPK activation upstream of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). J. Exp. Med. 187(12): 2097-101.

Nambu, J. R., et al. (1990). The single-minded gene of Drosophila is required for the expression of genes important for the development of CNS midline cells. Cell 63: 63-75

Ninomiya-Tsuji, J., et al. (1998). The kinase TAK1 can activate the NIK-I kappaB as well as the MAP kinase cascade in the IL-1 signalling pathway. Nature 398(6724): 252-6.

Norris, J. L. and Manley, J. L. (1995). Regulation of dorsal in cultured cells by Toll and tube: tube function involves a novel mechanism. Genes Dev. 9: 358-369

Norris, J. L. and Manley, J. L. (1996). Functional interactions between the pelle kinase, Toll receptor, and Tube suggest a mechanism for activation of Dorsal. Genes Dev. 10(7): 862-72.

Nose, A., Mahajan, V. B. and Goodman, D. S. (1992). Connectin: a homophilic cell adhesion molecule expressed on a subset of muscles and the motoneurons that innervate them in Drosophila. Cell 70: 553-67

Ollendorff, V., et al. (1994). The GARP gene encodes a new member of the family of leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins. Cell Growth Differ 5: 213-9

Park, J. S., et al. (2004). Involvement of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in cellular activation by high mobility group box 1 protein. J. Biol. Chem. 279(9): 7370-7. 14660645

Peng, J., Zipperlen, P. and Kubli, E. (2005). Drosophila Sex-peptide stimulates female innate immune system after mating via the Toll and Imd pathways. Curr. Biol. 15: 1690-1694. 16169493

Prothmann, C., Armstrong, N. J. and Rupp, R. A. W. (2000). The Toll/IL-1 receptor binding protein MyD88 is required for Xenopus axis formation. Mech. Dev. 97: 85-92.

Pujol, N., et al. (2001). A reverse genetic analysis of components of the Toll signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cur. Biol. 11: 809-821

Qiu, P. Pan, P. C. and Govind, S. (1998). A role for the Drosophila Toll/Cactus pathway in larval hematopoiesis. Development 125(10): 1909-1920.

Rock, F. L., et al. (1998). A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 588-593

Rose, D., et al. (1997). Toll, a muscle cell surface molecule, locally inhibits synaptic initiation of the RP3 motoneuron growth cone in Drosophila Development 124 (8): 1561-1571.

Rose, D. and Chiba, A. (1999). A single growth cone is capable of integrating simultaneously presented and functionally distinct molecular cues during target recognition. J. Neurosci. 19(12): 4899-4906.

Rosetto, M., et al. (1995). Signals from the IL-1 receptor homolog, Toll, can activate an immune response in a Drosophila hemocyte cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 209: 111-116

Roth, S. (1994). Axis determination. Proteolytic generation of a morphogen. Curr Biol 4: 755-7

Rusch, J. and Levine, M. (1994). Regulation of the Dorsal morphogen by the Toll and torso signaling pathways: a receptor tyrosine kinase selectively masks transcriptional repression. Genes Dev 8: 1247-1257

Salles, F. J., et al (1994). Coordinate initiation of Drosophila development by regulated polyadenylation of maternal messenger RNAs. Science 266: 1996-1999

Sanz, L., Diaz-Meco, M. T, Nakano, H. and Moscat, J. (2000). The atypical PKC-interacting protein p62 channels NF-kappaB activation by the IL-1-TRAF6 pathway. EMBO J. 19(7): 1576-86. 10747026

Schisa, J. A. and Strickland, S. (1998). Cytoplasmic polyadenylation of Toll mRNA is required for dorsal-ventral patterning in Drosophila embryogenesis. Development 125(15): 2995-3003.

Schneider, D. S., et al. (1991). Dominant and recessive mutations define functional domains of Toll, a transmembrane protein required for dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo. Genes Dev 5: 797-807

Schneider, D. S., et al. (1994). A processed form of the Spätzle protein defines dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo. Development 120: 1243-50

Schmidt, E. D. L., et al. (1997). A leucine-rich repeat containing receptor-like kinase marks somatic plant cells competent to form embryos. Development 124: 2049-2062.

Shen, B. and Manley, J. L. (1998). Phosphorylation modulates direct interactions between the Toll receptor, Pelle kinase and Tube. Development 125: 4719-4728. 9806920

Shen, B. and Manley, J. L. (2002). Pelle kinase is activated by autophosphorylation during Toll signaling in Drosophila. Development 129: 1925-1933. 11934858

Sorrentino, R. P., Melk, J. P. and Govind, S. (2004). Genetic analysis of contributions of dorsal group and JAK-Stat92E pathway genes to larval hemocyte concentration and the egg encapsulation response in Drosophila. Genetics 166: 1343-1356. 15082553

Steiner, H. (2004). Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: on and off switches for innate immunity. Immunol. Rev. 198: 83-96. 15199956

Tauszig, S., et al. (2000). Toll-related receptors and the control of antimicrobial peptide expression in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Vol. 97: 10520-10525.

Stein, D. and Nusslein-Volhard, C. (1992). Multiple extracellular activities in Drosophila egg perivitelline fluid are required for establishment of embryonic dorsal-ventral polarity. Cell 68: 429-40

Towb, P., Galindo, R. L. and Wasserman, S. A. (1998). Recruitment of Tube and Pelle to signaling sites at the surface of the Drosophila embryo. Development 125: 2443-2450.

Wang, J., Tao, Y., Reim, I., Gajewski, K., Frasch, M. and Schulz, R. A. (2005). Expression, regulation, and requirement of the Toll transmembrane protein during dorsal vessel formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Cell Biol. 25(10): 4200-10. 15870289

Werner, T., Borge-Renberg, K., Mellroth, P., Steiner, H. and Hultmark, D. (2003). Functional diversity of the Drosophila PGRP-LC gene cluster in the response to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 26319-26322. 12777387

Wesche, H., Henzel, W. J., Shillinglaw, W., Li, S. and Cao, Z. (1997). MyD88: an adapter that recruits IRAK to the IL-1 receptor complex. Immunity 7: 837-847. 9430229

Wharton, K. A. and Crews, S. T. (1993). CNS midline enhancers of the Drosophila slit and Toll genes. Mech. Dev. 40: 141-154. 8494768

Whitham, S., et al. (1994). The product of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N: similarity to toll and the interleukin-1 receptor. Cell 78: 1101-1115

Winans, K. A. and Hashimoto, C. (1995). Ventralization of the Drosophila embryo by deletion of extracellular leucine-rich repeats in the Toll protein. Mol Biol Cell 6: 587-596

Yang, R. B., et al. (1998). Toll-like receptor-2 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular signalling. Nature 395(6699): 284-8.

Yamagata, M., Merlie, J. P. and Sanes, J. R. (1994). Interspecific comparisons reveal conserved features of the Drosophila Toll protein. Gene 139: 223-8

Yamamoto, M., et al. (2002). Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4. Nature 420: 324-329. 12447441

date revised: 20 March 2007

Home page: The Interactive Fly © 1997 Thomas B. Brody, Ph.D.

The Interactive Fly resides on the
Society for Developmental Biology's Web server.