One of the Drosomycin cDNA clones was used after nick translation to detect by Northern blotting experiments the presence of transcripts in untreated and bacteria-challenged Drosophila. A faint signal is present in naive insects and is noticeably increased in bacteria-challenged larvae, pupae, and adults. In situ hybridization was performed on paraffin-embedded naive and bacteria-challenged larvae and adults using digoxigenin- labeled cDNA probe. A marked reaction was observed in the fat body cells of challenged insects. A fainter, but distinct, reaction was also seen in the fat body in absence of challenge (Fehlbaum, 1994).
Reference names in red indicate recommended papers.
Bauer, M., et al. (2006). Purine and folate metabolism as a potential target of sex-specific nutrient allocation in Drosophila and its implication for lifespan-reproduction tradeoff. Physiol. Genomics 25: 393-404. PubMed Citation: 16569777
Becker, T., et al. (2009)
Chiu, H., et al. (2005). dUbc9 negatively regulates the Toll-NF-kappaB pathways in larval hematopoiesis and Drosomycin activation in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 288: 60-72. 16248995
Daibo, S., Kimura, M. T. and Goto, S. G. (2001). Upregulation of genes belonging to the drosomycin family in diapausing adults of Drosophila triauraria. Gene 278(1-2): 177-84. 11707335
De Gregorio, E., Spellman, P. T., Tzou, P., Rubin, G. M. and Lemaitre, B. (2002). The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila. EMBO J. 21(11): 2568-79. 12032070
Delaney, J. R., Stoven, S., Uvell, H., Anderson, K. V., Engstrom, Y. and Mlodzik, M. (2006). Cooperative control of Drosophila immune responses by the JNK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. EMBO J. 25(13): 3068-77. 16763552
Fehlbaum, P., et al. (1994). Insect immunity. Septic injury of Drosophila induces the synthesis of a potent antifungal peptide with sequence homology to plant antifungal peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 269(52): 33159-63. 7806546
Ferrandon D., et al. (1998). A Drosomycin-GFP reporter transgene reveals a local immune response in Drosophila that is not dependent on the toll pathway. EMBO J. 17(5):1217-1227 98151346
Fuss, B., Becker, T., Zinke, I. and Hoch, M. (2006). The cytohesin Steppke is essential for insulin signalling in Drosophila. Nature 444: 945-948. PubMed Citation: 17167488
Georgel, P., Naitza, S., et al. (2001). Drosophila Immune deficiency (IMD) is a death domain protein that activates antibacterial defense and can promote apoptosis. Dev. Cell 1: 503-514. 11703941
Hafner, M., et al. (2006). Inhibition of cytohesins by SecinH3 leads to hepatic insulin resistance. Nature 444: 941-944. PubMed Citation: 17167487
Han, S. H., et al. (2004). The moleskin gene product is essential for Caudal-mediated constitutive antifungal Drosomycin gene expression in Drosophila epithelia. Insect Mol. Biol. 13(3): 323-7. 15157233
Han, Z. S. and Ip, Y. T. (1999). Interaction and specificity of Rel-related proteins in regulating Drosophila immunity gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 274(30): 21355-61. 10409696
Hedengren M., Asling, B., Dushay, M.S., Ando, I., Ekengren, S., Wihlborg, M. and Hultmark, D. (1999) Relish, a central factor in the control of humoral but not cellular immunity in Drosophila. Mol. Cell. 4: 827-837. 10619029
Horng, T. and Medzhitov, R. (2001). Drosophila MyD88 is an adapter in the Toll signaling pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 12654-12658. 11606776
Hu, S. and Yang, X. (2000). dFADD, a novel death domain-containing adapter protein for the Drosophila caspase DREDD. J. Biol. Chem. 275(40): 30761-4. 10934188
Kallio, J., Leinonen, A., Ulvila, J., Valanne, S., Ezekowitz, R. A., Rämet, M. (2005). Functional analysis of immune response genes in Drosophila identifies JNK pathway as a regulator of antimicrobial peptide gene expression in S2 cells. Microb. Infect. 7: 811-819. 15890554
Landon, C., et al. (1997). Solution structure of drosomycin, the first antifungal protein from insects, Protein Sci. 6: 1878-1884. 9300487
Landon, C., Pajon, A., Vovelle, F. and Sodano, P. (2000). The active site of drosomycin, a small insect antifungal protein, delineated by comparison with the modeled structure of Rs-AFP2, a plant antifungal protein. J. Pept. Res. 56(4): 231-8. 11083062
Lemaitre B., Kromer-Metzger, E., Michaut, L., Nicolas, E., Meister, M., Georgel, P., Reichhart, J. and Hoffmann, J. (1995). A recessive mutation, immune deficiency (imd), defines two distinct control pathways in the Drosophila host defense. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 92: 9465-9469. 7568155
Lemaitre B., Nicolas, E., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J. and Hoffmann, J. (1996). The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86: 973-983. 8808632
Leulier, F., Vidal, S., Saigo, K., Ueda, R. and Lemaitre, B. (2002). Inducible expression of double-stranded RNA reveals a role for dFADD in the regulation of the antibacterial response in Drosophila adults. Curr. Biol. 12(12): 996-1000. 12123572
Manfruelli, P., Reichhart, J. M., Steward, R., Hoffmann, J. A. and Lemaitre, B. (1999). A mosaic analysis in Drosophila fat body cells of the control of antimicrobial peptide genes by the Rel proteins Dorsal and DIF. EMBO J. 18(12): 3380-91. 10369678
Meng, X., Khanuja, B. S. and Ip, Y. T. (1999). Toll receptor-mediated Drosophila immune response requires Dif, an NF-kappaB factor. Genes Dev. 13: 792-797. 10197979
Ooi, J. Y., Yagi, Y., Hu, X. and Ip, Y. T. (2002). The Drosophila Toll-9 activates a constitutive antimicrobial defense. EMBO Rep. 3: 82-87. 11751574
Peng, J., Zipperlen, P. and Kubli, E. (2005). Drosophila Sex-peptide stimulates female innate immune system after mating via the Toll and Imd pathways. Curr. Biol. 15: 1690-1694. 16169493
Pili-Floury, S., et al. (2004). In vivo RNA interference analysis reveals an unexpected role for GNBP1 in the defense against Gram-positive bacterial infection in Drosophila adults. J. Biol. Chem. 279(13): 12848-53. 14722090
Reed, D. E., et al. (2008). DEAF-1 regulates immunity gene expression in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105(24): 8351-6. PubMed Citation: 18550807
Rutschmann, S., Jung, A. C., Hetru, C., Reichhart, J. M., Hoffmann, J. A. and Ferrandon, D. (2000). The Rel protein DIF mediates the antifungal but not the antibacterial host defense in Drosophila. Immunity 12: 569-580. 10843389
Ryu, J. H., et al. (2004). The homeobox gene Caudal regulates constitutive local expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in Drosophila epithelia. Mol. Cell Biol. 24(1): 172-85. 14673153
Ryu, J. H., et al. (2006). An essential complementary role of NF-kappaB pathway to microbicidal oxidants in Drosophila gut immunity. EMBO J. 25(15): 3693-701. 16858400
Sluss, H. K., Han, Z., Barrett, T. and Davis, R. J. and Ip, Y. T. (1996). A JNK signal transduction pathway that mediates morphogenesis and an immune response in Drosophila. Genes Dev 10: 2745-2758. 8946915
Sun, H., et al. (2002). A heterotrimeric death domain complex in Toll signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99: 12871-12876. 12351681
Tang, H., Kambris, Z., Lemaitre, B. and Hashimoto, C. (2006). Two proteases defining a melanization cascade in the immune system of Drosophila, J. Biol. Chem. 281: 28097-28104. PubMed Citation: 16861233
Tang, H., Kambris, Z., Lemaitre, B. and Hashimoto, C. (2008). A serpin that regulates immune melanization in the respiratory system of Drosophila. Dev. Cell 15(4): 617-26. PubMed Citation: 18854145
Tauszig-Delamasure, S., et al. (2002). Drosophila MyD88 is required for the response to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections. Nat. Immunol. 3(1): 91-7. 11743586
Thoetkiattikul, H., Beck, M. H. and Strand, M. R. (2005). Inhibitor kappaB-like proteins from a polydnavirus inhibit NF-kappaB activation and suppress the insect immune response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102(32): 11426-31. 16061795
Vidal, S., et al. (2001). Mutations in the Drosophila Tak1 gene reveal a conserved function for MAPKKKs in the control of rel/NF-kappaB-dependent innate immune responses. Genes Dev. 15: 1900-1912. 11485985
Yang, W. Y., Wen, S. Y., Huang, Y. D., Ye, M. Q., Deng, X. J., Han, D., Xia, Q. Y. and Cao, Y. (2006). Functional divergence of six isoforms of antifungal peptide Drosomycin in Drosophila melanogaster. Gene 379: 26-32. 16824706
Zhou, R., Silverman, N., Hong, M., Liao, D. S., Chung, Y., Chen, Z. J. and Maniatis, T. (2005). The role of ubiquitination in Drosophila innate immunity. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 34048-34055. 16081424
date revised: 10 April 2010
Home page: The Interactive Fly © 2006 Thomas Brody, Ph.D.
The Interactive Fly resides on the
Society for Developmental Biology's Web server.