Protein kinase C


DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Each of the three PKC genes is expressed in the Drosophila adult head but transcripts are not detected in the body. The dPKC98F gene is expressed throughout development, with a lower level of expression in embryonic flies. The dPKC98F gene 5.5 kb transcript is greatly reduced in embryos and correlates with the increased expression of two additional transcripts of 4.3 and 4.5 kb. The dPKC98F gene is the only Drosophila PKC that is transcribed during embryonic stages. dPKC53E(brain) is transcribed in all head neural tissue. In contrast inactivation no afterpotential C or dPKC53E(ey) is specifically expressed in photoreceptor cells, both in the compound eyes and ocelli (Schaeffer, 1989).


REFERENCES (part 1/2)

Acs, P., et al. (1995). Differential activation of PKC isozymes by 14-3-3 zeta protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 216: 103-109.

Acs, P., et al. (1997). Both the catalytic and regulatory domains of Protein kinase C chimeras modulate the proliferative properties of NIH 3T3 Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272(45): 28793-28799

Beckman, M. L., Bernstein, E. M. and Quick, M. W. (1998). Protein kinase C regulates the interaction between a GABA transporter and syntaxin 1A. J. Neurosci. 18(16): 6103-6112.

Belusa, R., et al. (1997). Mutation of the protein kinase C phosphorylation site on rat alpha1 Na+,K+-ATPase alters regulation of intracellular Na+ and pH and influences cell shape and adhesiveness. J. Biol. Chem. 272(32): 20179-20184.

Bharti, A. et al., (1998). Inactivation of DNA-dependent protein kinase by protein kinase cdelta: implications for apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18(11): 6719-28.

Billiard, J., et al. (1997). Protein kinase C as a signal for exocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94(22): 12192-12197.

Blume-Jensen, P., et al. (1995). Identification of the major phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C in kit/stem cell factor receptor in vitro and in intact cells. J Biol Chem 270: 14192-14200.

Bouron, A. and Reuter, H. (1997). Muscarinic stimulation of synaptic activity by protein kinase C is inhibited by adenosine in cultured hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94(22): 12224-12229.

Braha, O., et al. (1993). The contributions of protein kinase A and protein kinase C to the actions of 5-HT on the L-type Ca2+ current of the sensory neurons in Aplysia. J. Neurosci. 13: 1839-51

Broughton, S. J., et al. (1996a). Endogenously inhibited protein kinase C in transgenic Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts down regulates the outgrowth of type I and II processes of cultured mature neurons. J. Cell. Biochem. 60: 584-599.

Broughton, S. J., et al. (1996b).A synaptogenesis dependent transport for CaM kinase II along processes evolkes an inhibition of arborization and outgrowth in D. melanogaster cultured neurons. J. Cell. Biochem. 62: 484-494

Calabrese, B. and Halpain, S. (2005). Essential role for the PKC target MARCKS in maintaining dendritic spine morphology. Neuron 48: 77-90. 16202710

Chang, J. H., et al. (1998). The small GTP-binding protein Rho potentiates AP-1 transcription in T cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18(9): 4986-93.

Chen, R. H., Ding, W. V., McCormick, F. (2000). Wnt signaling to beta-catenin involves two interactive components. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibition and activation of protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 275(23): 17894-9.

Choi, K. W., et al. (1991). Deficient protein kinase C activity in turnip, a Drosophila learning mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 15999-606.

Choi, S.-C. and Han, J.-K. (2002). Xenopus Cdc42 regulates convergent extension movements during gastrulation through Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway. Dev. Biol. 244: 342-357. 11944942

Chou, M. M., et al. (1998). Regulation of protein kinase C zeta by PI 3-kinase and PDK-1. Curr. Biol. 8(19): 1069-77.

Codazzi, F., Teruel, M. N. and Meyer, T. (2001). Control of astrocyte Ca2+ oscillations and waves by oscillating translocation and activation of protein kinase C. Cur. Bio. 11: 1089-1097. 11509231

Collas, P., et al. (1997). Protein kinase C-mediated interphase lamin B phosphorylation and solubilization. J. Biol. Chem. 272(34): 21274-21280.

Collas, P. (1999). Sequential PKC- and Cdc2-mediated phosphorylation events elicit zebrafish nuclear envelope disassembly. J. Cell Sci. 112 ( Pt 6): 977-87.

Colombo, P. J., Wetsel, W. C. and Gallagher, M. (1997). Spatial memory is related to hippocampal subcellular concentrations of calcium-dependent protein kinase C isoforms in young and aged rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94(25): 14195-14199.

Cook, D., et al. (1996). Wingless inactivates glycogen synthase kinase-3 via an intracellular signalling pathway which involves a protein kinase C. EMBO J. 15(17): 4526-4536.

de Barry, J., et al. (1997). Time-resolved imaging of protein kinase C activation during sea urchin egg fertilization. Exp. Cell Res. 234(1): 115-124.

de Bettignies, G., et al. (2001). Overactivation of the Protein kinase C-signaling pathway suppresses the defects of cells lacking the Rho3/Rho4-GAP Rgd1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 159: 1435-1448. 11779787

Deloulme, J. C., et al. (1997). The prooncoprotein EWS binds calmodulin and is phosphorylated by protein kinase C through an IQ domain. J. Biol. Chem. 272(43): 27369-27377

Denning, M. F., et al. (1998). The expression of desmoglein isoforms in cultured human keratinocytes is regulated by calcium, serum, and protein kinase C. Exp. Cell Res. 239(1): 50-59.

De Zeeuw, C. I., et al. (1998). Expression of a protein kinase C inhibitor in Purkinje cells blocks cerebellar LTD and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Neuron 20(3): 495-508.

Dev, K. K., et al. (1999). The protein kinase C alpha binding protein PICK1 interacts with short but not long form alternative splice variants of AMPA receptor subunits. Neuropharmacology 38(5): 635-44.

Dutil, E. M., Toker, A. and Newton, A. C. (1998). Regulation of conventional protein kinase C isozymes by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK-1). Curr. Biol. 8(25): 1366-75.

Edwards, A. S. and Newton, A. C. (1997). Phosphorylation at conserved carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic motif regulates the catalytic and regulatory domains of protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 272(29): 18382-18390.

Emptage, N. J. and Carew, T. J. (1993). Long-term synaptic facilitation in the absence of short-term facilitation in Aplysia neurons. Science 262: 253-256

Enyedi, A., et al. (1997). Protein kinase C phosphorylates the "a" forms of plasma membrane Ca2+ pump isoforms 2 and 3 and prevents binding of calmodulin. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 27525-27528

Eto, M., et al. (2002). Cerebellar long-term synaptic depression requires PKC-mediated activation of CPI-17, a myosin/moesin phosphatase inhibitor. Neuron 36: 1145-1158. 12495628

Faux, M. C. and Scott, J. D. (1997). Regulation of the AKAP79-protein kinase C interaction by Ca2+/Calmodulin. J. Biol. Chem. 272(27): 17038-17044.

Firulli, B. A., et al. (2003). PKA, PKC, and the Protein phosphatase 2A influence HAND factor function: A mechanism for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation. Molec. Cell 12: 1225-1237. 14636580

Frey, M. R., et al. (2000). Protein kinase C signaling mediates a program of cell cycle withdrawal in the intestinal epithelium. J. Cell Biol. 151(4): 763-778. 11076962

Gereau, R. W. and Heinemann, S. F. (1998). Role of protein kinase C phosphorylation in rapid desensitization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Neuron 20(1): 143-151.

Gillespie, L. L., Chen, G. and Paterno, G. D. (1995). Cloning of a fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 splice variant from Xenopus embryos that lacks a protein kinase C site important for the regulation of receptor activity. J Biol Chem 270: 22758-22763.

Goossens, J., et al. (2001). Expression of protein kinase C inhibitor blocks cerebellar long-term depression without affecting Purkinje cell excitability in alert mice. J. Neurosci. 21: 5813-5823. 11466453

Gray, J. V., et al. (1997). A role for the Pkc1 MAP kinase pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bud emergence and identification of a putativemupstream regulator. EMBO J. 16(16): 4924-4937.

Greenspan, R. J. (1995). Flies, genes, learning and memory. Neuron 15: 747-50

Grunbaum, L. and Muller, U. (1998). Induction of a specific olfactory memory leads to a long-lasting activation of protein kinase C in the antennal lobe of the honeybee. J. Neurosci. 18(11): 4384-4392.

Hama, H., et al. (2004). PKC signaling mediates global enhancement of excitatory synaptogenesis in neurons triggered by local contact with astrocytes. Neuron 41: 405-415. 14766179

Hammer, M., and Menzel. R. (1995). Learning and memory in the Honeybee. J. Neurosci. 15: 1617-30

Hardie, R. C., et al. (1993). Protein kinase C is required for light adaptation in Drosophila photoreceptors. Nature 363: 634-7

Hardie, R. C. and Minke, B. (1994). Calcium-dependent inactivation of light-sensitive channels in Drosophila photoreceptors. J. Gen. Physiol. 103: 409-27.

Hassel M. (1998a). Upregulation of a Hydra vulgaris cPKC gene is tightly coupled to the differentiation of head structures. Dev. Genes Evol. 207(8): 489-501.

Hassel, M., et al. (1998b). The level of expression of a protein kinase C gene may be an important component of the patterning process in Hydra. Dev. Genes Evol. 207(8): 502-14.

Helliwell, S. B., et al. (1998). The Rho1 effector Pkc1, but not Bni1, mediates signalling from Tor2 to the actin cytoskeleton. Curr. Biol. 8(22): 1211-4.

Herms, J., et al. (1993). Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase and protein kinase C expression during development of rat hippocampus. Dev Neurosci 15: 410-416.

Hilgenberg, L. and Miles, K. (1995). Developmental regulation of a protein kinase C isoform localized in the neuromuscular junction. J Cell Sci 108: 51-61.

Hirbec, H., et al. (2003). Rapid and differential regulation of AMPA and kainate receptors at hippocampal mossy fibre synapses by PICK1 and GRIP. Neuron 37: 625-638. 12597860

Hoffman, D. A. and Johnston, D. (1998). Downregulation of transient K+ channels in dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by activation of PKA and PKC. J. Neurosci. 18(10): 3521-3528.

Homayouni, R., Byrne, J. H. and Eskin, A. (1995). Dynamics of protein phosphorylation in sensory neurons of Aplysia. J. Neurosci. 15: 429-38

Hung, T. J. and Kemphues, K. J. (1999). PAR-6 is a conserved PDZ domain-containing protein that colocalizes with PAR-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Development 126(1): 127-135.

Izumi, Y., et al. (1998a). An atypical PKC directly associates and colocalizes at the epithelial tight junction with ASIP, a mammalian homologue of caenorhabditis elegans polarity protein PAR-3. J. Cell Biol. 143(1): 95-106.

Izumi, Y., et al. (1998b). A metalloprotease-disintegrin, MDC9/meltrin-gamma/ADAM9 and PKCdelta are involved in TPA-induced ectodomain shedding of membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. EMBO J. 17(24): 7260-72.

Job, C. and Lagnado, L. (1998). Calcium and protein kinase C regulate the actin cytoskeleton in the synaptic terminal of retinal bipolar cells. J. Cell Biol. 143(6): 1661-72.

Johnson, J. and Capco, D. G. (1997). Progesterone acts through protein kinase C to remodel the cytoplasm as the amphibian oocyte becomes the fertilization-competent egg. Mech. Dev. 67(2): 215-226.

Kampfer, S., et al. (1998). Transcriptional activation of c-fos by oncogenic Ha-Ras in mouse mammary epithelial cells requires the combined activities of PKC-lambda, epsilon and zeta. EMBO J. 17(14): 4046-4055.

Kane, N. S., et al. (1997). Learning without performance in PKC-deficient Drosophila. Neuron 18: 307-314

Kano, M., et al. (1995). Impaired synapse elimination during cerebellar development in PKC gamma mutant mice. Cell 83: 1223-1231.

Kazanietz, M. G., et al. (1995a). Low affinity binding of phorbol esters to protein kinase C and its recombinant cysteine-rich region in the absence of phospholipids. J Biol Chem 270: 14679-14684.

Kazanietz, M. G., et al. (1995b).Characterization of the cysteine-rich region of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein Unc-13 as a high affinity phorbol ester receptor. Analysis of ligand-binding interactions, lipid cofactor requirements, and inhibitor sensitivity. J Biol Chem 270: 10777-10783.

Klann, E., et al. (1998). A role for superoxide in protein kinase C activation and induction of long-term potentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 273(8): 4516-4522.

Koekkoek, S. K., et al. (2003). Cerebellar LTD and learning-dependent timing of conditioned eyelid responses. Science 301: 1736-1739. 14500987

Konishi, H., et al. (1997). Activation of protein kinase C by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to H2O2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94(21): 11233-11237.

Krause, S. A. and Gray, J. V. (2002). The Protein kinase C pathway is required for viability in quiescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Curr. Biol. 12: 588-593. 11937029

Kuhl, M., et al. (2001). Antagonistic regulation of convergent extension movements in Xenopus by Wnt/ß-catenin and Wnt/Ca2+ signaling. Mech. Dev. 106: 61-76. 11472835

Lallena, M. J., et al. (1999). Activation of IkappaB kinase beta by protein kinase C isoforms. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19(3): 2180-8.

Langholz O., et al. (1997). Cell-matrix interactions induce tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2 and PLCgamma-1 in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures of human fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res. 235(1): 22-27.

Lehel, C., et al. (1995). Protein kinase C epsilon subcellular localization domains and proteolytic degradation sites. A model for protein kinase C conformational changes. J Biol Chem 270: 19651-19658.

Leitges, M., et al. (2004). A unique PDZ ligand in PKC confers induction of cerebellar long-term synaptic depression. Neuron 44: 585-594. 15541307

Li, H. S., Porter, J. A. and Montell, C. (1998). Requirement for the NINAC Kinase/Myosin for stable termination of the visual cascade. J. Neurosci. 18(23): 9601-9606

Li, X. C., et al. (1995). Cloning and characterization of two related serotonergic receptors from the brain and the reproductive system of Aplysia that activate phospholipase C. J Neurosci 15: 7585-7591

Li, X., et al., (1997). Protein kinase C and protein kinase A inhibit calcium-dependent but not stress-dependent c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in rat liver epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (23): 14996-15002.

Liao, D.-F., et al. (1997). Protein kinase C-zeta mediates angiotensin II activation of ERK1/2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 6146-50.

Liu, M. and Simon, M. I. (1996). Regulation by cAMP-dependent protein kinease of a G-protein-mediated phospholipase C. Nature 382: 83-87 (1996)[]

Logan, S. M., Rivera, F. E. and Leonard, J. P. (1999). Protein kinase C modulation of recombinant NMDA receptor currents: roles for the C-terminal C1 exon and calcium ions. J. Neurosci. 19(3): 974-86.

Lu, Z., et al. (1998). Activation of protein kinase C triggers its ubiquitination and degradation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18(2): 839-845.

Lu, H. C., et al. (2001). Evidence for a role of protein kinase C in FGF signal transduction in the developing chick limb bud. Development 128: 2451-2460. 11493562

Luo, J. H., et al. (1993a). The regulatory domain of protein kinase C beta 1 contains phosphatidylserine- and phorbol ester-dependent calcium binding activity. J Biol Chem 268 (5): 3715-3719.

Luo, J. H. and Weinstein, I. B., (1993b). Calcium-dependent activation of protein kinase C. The role of the C2 domain in divalent cation selectivity. J Biol Chem 268 (31): 23580-23584.

Macdonald, D. S., et al. (2005). Modulation of NMDA receptors by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide in CA1 neurons requires G alpha q, protein kinase C, and activation of Src. J. Neurosci. 25(49): 11374-84. Medline abstract: 16339032

Macek, T. A., Schaffhauser, H. and Conn, P. J. (1998). Protein kinase C and A3 adenosine receptor activation inhibit presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) function and uncouple mGluRs from GTP-binding proteins. J. Neurosci. 18(16): 6138-6146.

Maher, P. (2001). How protein kinase C activation protects nerve cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death. J. Neurosci. 21(9): 2929-2938. 11312276

Mangoura, D., Sogos, V. and Dawson, G. (1995). Phorbol esters and PKC signaling regulate proliferation, vimentin cytoskeleton assembly and glutamine synthetase activity of chick embryo cerebrum astrocytes in culture. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 87: 1-11.

Marais R., et al. (1998). Requirement of Ras-GTP-Raf complexes for activation of Raf-1 by protein kinase C. Science 280(5360): 109-112.

Masson-Gadais, B., et al. (1997). PKC regulation of microfilament network organization in keratinocytes defined by a pharmacological study with PKC activators and inhibitors. Exp. Cell Res. 236(1): 238-247.

Matsuoka, Y., Li, X. and Bennett, V. (1998). Adducin is an in vivo substrate for protein kinase C: phosphorylation in the MARCKS-related domain inhibits activity in promoting spectrin-actin complexes and occurs in many cells, including dendritic spines of neurons. J. Cell Biol. 142(2): 485-97.

Miranti, C. K., Ohno, S. and Brugge, J. S. (1999). Protein kinase C regulates integrin-induced activation of the extracellular regulated kinase pathway upstream of Shc. J. Biol. Chem. 274(15): 10571-81.

Moffett, J., et al. (1998). Transcriptional regulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 expression in human astrocytes: implications for cell plasticity. Mol. Biol. Cell 9(8): 2269-2285.

Moriya, S., et al. (1996). Platelet-derived growth factor activates protein kinase C epsilon through redundant and independent signaling pathways involving phospholipase C gamma or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 151-155.

Mosior, M, and Epand, R. M. (1994). Characterization of the calcium-binding site that regulates association of protein kinase C with phospholipid bilayers. J Biol Chem 269 (19): 13798-13805.

Murray, N. R. and Fields, A. P. (1997). Atypical protein kinase C iota protects human leukemia cells against drug-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 27521-27524

Mussig, K., et al. (2005). Shp2 is required for protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of serine 307 in insulin receptor substrate-1. J. Biol. Chem. 280(38): 32693-9. 16055440

Continue to Protein kinase C References: part 2/2


Protein kinase C: Biological Overview | Evolutionary Homologs | Regulation | Developmental Biology

Home page: The Interactive Fly © 1997 Thomas B. Brody, Ph.D.

The Interactive Fly resides on the
Society for Developmental Biology's Web server.