misshapen
In early embryos, there is a low level of homogeneous MSN mRNA expression, presumably maternally contributed, with a concentration of transcript in the pole plasm. At gastrulation, strong expression is seen in the invaginating mesoderm. Later the strongest expression is seen in the visceral mesoderm, with weak expression also present in the central nervous system. The msn expression pattern during embryogenesis includes many cells that undergo migration or shape changes. Pole cells migrate around the embryo, at first passively and then actively. Mesodermal cell elongate and invaginate during gastrulation. The sections of the gut elongate to meet each other, and the endoderm then migrates along the visceral mesoderm. Cells in the CNS undergo both migration and exon outgrowth. A role for msn in these cell movements has yet to be demonstrated, since msn is maternally expressed and is essential for oogenesis. MSN mRNA is expressed in ovarian follicle cells, and especially strongly in the border cells, which migrate from the anterior tip of the egg chamber through the nurse cells to the oocytes (Treisman, 1997).
misshapen was identified during an enhancer trap expression pattern survey as one of a collection of loci expressed in the ring gland (Harvie, 1998).
misshapen was also identified in an enhancer trap screen designed to discover genes involved in the cellular aspects of defense mechanisms, as well as in melanotic tumor formation processes linked to blood cell dysregulation (Braun, 1997).
Nuclear translocation, driven by the motility apparatus consisting of the cytoplasmic dynein motor and microtubules, is essential for cell migration during embryonic development. Bicaudal-D (Bic-D), an evolutionarily conserved dynein-interacting protein, is required for developmental control of nuclear migration in Drosophila. Nothing is known about the signaling events that coordinate the function of Bic-D and dynein during development. This study shows that Misshapen (Msn), the fly homolog of the vertebrate Nck-interacting kinase is a component of a novel signaling pathway that regulates photoreceptor (R-cell) nuclear migration in the developing Drosophila compound eye. Msn, like Bic-D, is required for the apical migration of differentiating R-cell precursor nuclei. msn displays strong genetic interaction with Bic-D. Biochemical studies demonstrate that Msn increases the phosphorylation of Bic-D, which appears to be necessary for the apical accumulation of both Bic-D and dynein in developing R-cell precursor cells. It is proposed that Msn functions together with Bic-D to regulate the apical localization of dynein in generating directed nuclear migration within differentiating R-cell precursor cells (Houalla, 2005).
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date revised: 10 April 2008
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